Differnce between IBO Religion and Christianity Essay

After reading, Things Fall Apart, we might ask what are the differences between the religions that the Ibo Clan practice, compared to a highly practiced religion, Christianity. Some of the differences are how the Ibo religion practice polytheism, belief in more then one God, and the Christians practice monotheism, belief in only one God, the creator of Heaven and Earth, his name is God. Others are, how they believe in animated Gods, which are alive and there Gods can be seen, and Christianity believes in inanimate gods, which their God is eternal. There is a huge difference between the Ibo Clan religion and Christianity, it will be shown. When Mr. Brown, the missionary, comes to the village of Umuofia to spread the word of God to the Ibo Clan, he met Akunna. Mr. Brown and Akunna has a conversation about their differences in religion, Akunna telling Mr. Brown that the Ibo Clan believes in one supreme God but had others that they worship, the name of their God is Chucku, because â€Å"he made all the world and not other Gods.† Akunna also mentions to Mr. Brown that they also worship carved wood, â€Å"they tree from which it came was made by Chukwu, as indeed other minor God were† Akunna tells Mr. Brown that the Ibo religion â€Å"make sacrifices to the little gods, but when all else fails there is no one to turn to they go to Chuckw.† (180) Another God, besides the carved wood, that the Ibo worship, is the Oracle of the Hills and Caves. The Ibo believe that they must do whatever the Oracle of the Hills says, if the don’t the people of the village will be punished. An example of this is when the Oracle of the Hills pronounces that Ikemefuma, the boy living with Okonkwo, need to be killed. Since the Oracle of the Hills and Caves says that it must be done, â€Å"the men of Umuofia took the boy outside the village and killed him† (57). The Ibo religion is very different from Christianity. Since Christianity only believes in one God, they don’t have all of these other Gods as the people of Umuofia believed in, such as the carved wood, and the Oracle of the Hills and Caves. Sometimes thinking that the Ibo religion would only have one or two gods, but they didn’t. Included with the other Gods that they worship, there was  another which was the snake known as the sacred python. When the Christian missionaries come to the village, the son of the snake priest says that he â€Å"ate and killed the sacred python† (185). The son of the snake priest was named Enoch, he did eat the sacred python, when he decided to convert to Christianity. This is one huge difference between the Ibo Clan and Christianity, of how and what they worship. However there are some differences between Ibo and Christianity is the belief in animate Gods, and inanimate Gods. Christians have an inanimate God, which means that He cannot be seen, and Christians also believe that God is eternal. Unlike Christianity, the Ibo believe in animated Gods, which are alive and their Gods can be seen, such as the spirits. When the Ibo Clan would talk to their spirits, as when the egwugwu had emerged once again from their underground home, they saluted on another and then reappeared on the ilo (92). The Ibo Clan Gods’ emerged from underground, and that they speak to them just as humans would. Comparing that to the Christians way, is different. Christians don’t believe of having spirits rise from the dead, or from the underground to come and solve problems. Christians just believe that God is number one, and that they pray to God for helping them solve problems, but not face to face as the Ibo Clan claims to do with their Gods. Another contrast between the two religions is the practice of polygamy compared to monogamy. Polygamy is what the Ibo Clan practice, which is having many wives at one time. In Umuofia, the more wives a man had, the better, just like Okonkwo, he had three wives, and â€Å"another man in the village was a wealthy man who had three barns and nine wives with thirty children† (18). But this is all common practice for the men in Umuofia to have more then one wife. Each wife and her children would live in different huts, and the man lives by himself in his obi. In contrast, Christians practice monogamy and that’s being married to one wife at a time, Christians believe that when a man and women become united in Christ, they become one. In conclusion, Things Fall Apart portrays, social, culture, and religious aspects of Africa. Christianity and Ibo are both types of religions, but they are practiced in very different ways. A difference was the practice of  polytheism, which would be the believe in more then one God and monotheism, belief in one God which is practiced by the Christians. The second difference was the Ibo worship animate Gods, unlike the Christians who worship inanimate God. In addition is that the Christians practice monogamy, being married to only one wife, and the Ibo practice polygamy, more then one wife. Here were two very different religions and practices but each had the choice of which one they wanted to follow, some stayed with the Ibo Clan religion, but others converted to Christianity, it’s their choice.

Racial Discrimination from Police Essay

Racial discrimination in the United States is as old as America itself. The United States motto deduces that, although America is a single country, it is made up of people of all walks from all the corners of the world, but some as slaves, especially from Africa. The American population is diverse both culturally and racially thus the name ‘Melting Point’. Racial discrimination is the act of subordinating an individual due to the color of the skin or race. Discrimination against people of color began long ago while slavery still existed, and it took a Civil War between the Northern and Southern states to end slavery. In history, racist violence, police brutality, has been used to suppress the racial blacks and to preserve power and privileges for the white race. This was done for five primary purposes. First, it has forced black people into slavery or low wage situations. Secondly, to steal land and other resources. A third was to maintain social control. A fourth purpose was to eliminate conflict in politics, social life, and employment. Lastly, the fifth purpose was to unite white people across the ethnic, class, and gender boundaries. It is not really different of what we see nowadays through every day in the street. It is just getting a little bit smoother , cover up by law that a certain category of people make to protect themselves and the ones who as the privilege to use it. Most of the times, they do not been treated as the minority whenever they do the same mistakes by the justice in this country. The following grounds for suspicion of criminality are among the many reasons that African American motorists are pulled over: Driving a luxury automobile (e. . , Lexus, Mercedes, BMW, etc. ), driving in a car with other black men, driving early in the morning or late at night, driving in a low-income neighborhood, known for its drug traffic, driving in a neighborhood where there have been recent burglaries,†¦ Although the above list may in fact be the reason that a prejudice officer’s attention is obtained, none of the reasons listed can be filed as a probable cause in the police report. I have so many bad experiences with the police that I think, it is just getting worst. We all know, minority people, that they use theses bunch of †laws† to still keep us down because they still, and for more of the â€Å"white people† ,think that they are a â€Å"superior race†. One day, I was with my dad driving around a nice neighborhood with some friend to go pick up one our friend to go at the club. It was late around 11 pm that night. From nowhere the police pull us over and start actin really at their defensive. They asked us to get out of the car, after checking if the car has the proper paper (insurance & driver license). They asked us what we were doing there and we answered without stress that we are going to pick up a friend of us to go at the club. One of us asked us, straight up on our face, if we were not here for other illegal purpose in the neighborhood. We were still acting cool, at the same moment two others police cars pulled over. We were surprise by the number of units just for 3 people. They start searching us with some brutality and still asking stupid questions. The car also has been check. They brought a K-9 dog to search the car. We did not know what they were looking for and even if they have a warrant on us. After some so long minutes, they let us go. The think that really made us feel that we were inferior was the fact that one of the cars was following us through the neighborhood until we got out. That experience was the most shameful one I ever been into. I really hate cops since this experience. Being a minority and particularly black is not a crime. I totally presume that most of the police are like that. Racial bias and discrimination are existent in the minds of many individuals, some of whom may have, if it is at all possible, a justification for such thoughts. But when it comes to the protection and justice of a society, race should not even be an issue. The criminal justice system of today fuels its flame of democracy with decisions influenced by a certain individual’s race and stature in society, and allows these preconceptions to be the basis of such decisions. Whether it is the African American motorist being pulled over with no probable cause, or the racially spurred brutalizing by the police, racism prevails in the world of criminal justice. Most communities that suffer police discrimination and violence have little control of the economy, or political overseers of the police. Typically the people who do have these powers are the richer communities, with primarily white citizens. I do not think the community or even education can do something about it, it is already in their manners and nothing will change it, The only think that could make a minority person close to their tight circle is â€Å"money†.

Booker T. Washington Up from Slavery

Chapter One Although not officially recorded, Booker T Washington was born in Franklin County, Virginia either in 1858 or 1859. He is unsure of the exact date, but does know that he was born near a crossroads post-office called Hale’s Ford. Born a slave, Booker describes his surroundings as miserable, desolate and discouraging, even though his owner was not too cruel. He had no record of his ancestry or name because he did not know his father. His mother worked as the plantation cook and he helped. He was in charge of the sweet potatoes; he often stole a few when he could.He had no schooling or education. The information the slaves received usually came from the slave that went to the post office to retrieve the mail. The slave would linger around as long as he could, listening to people’s conversations. The biggest news he got was from listening to his mother pray that Lincoln and his army would be successful and the slaves would be free. The slaves spent their lives d eprived while white people took for granted the things the slaves lacked like coffee, tea, sugar, and other articles the slaves weren’t accustomed to.Booker’s first pair of shoes was uncomfortable and loud because the bottom was made from wood. Unlike most salves, the slaves on Booker’s plantation did not completely hate their masters. After they were freed they still cared for their masters and provided them with gifts and money. Chapter Two Once most slaves became free they knew only two things; they needed to change their names and they needed to leave the plantation for at least two days to try out their freedom.Booker and his family went to West Virginia where his step father had already gotten them jobs and a place to live. After begging, his mother finally bought him a book. It was a spelling book that would help him to read and write. Later on a young colored boy came to town who knew how to read and write. The young boy offered to teach a class. Unfortu nately, Booker’s work schedule would interfere with the time the class would be taught. His work end and school started at the same time, making Booker often late for school.Eventually Booker would speed the hands on the clock causing him to get off work early. Before long, Booker’s boss locked the face of the clock. Whenever Booker would run into a problem his mother would find a way to save the day. Booker received special attention. Booker imagined the feelings of a white boy who had no limits; he was envious because he had to struggle to get an education. Chapter Three One day while working Booker overheard two men talking about a school that was open to colored people in Virginia.The school provided opportunities to work while learning to do a trade. To continue to earn money Booker got a job in the home of General Lewis Ruffner, the owner of the mines. Working for his wife, Booker began to build his own library; often he was rewared for his ambitions. After a lon g time of saving Booker decided that he would leave to be on his own. With his mother being in poor heath he said goodbye, knowing he may not ever see her again. He set off realizing that about half way through he probably wouldn’t have enough money to finish the trip.Being turned away from places of shelter because of the color of his skin, he was forced to sleep under the side walk. After going a while without food he went to ask for a job at a ship, unloading cargo. After saving enough money Booker finished his trip to Hampton. He tried to enroll but a rejected because of the dirt on his clothes. Given a chance to redeem himself he was told to go and clean the adjacent room. Realizing his hard work, the teacher allowed Booker to enroll in the school.

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 12

Literature Review - Essay Example One main factor of traffic congestion is the increase in number of the new vehicles. One way of solving this kind of the problem is to come up with a system that will be able to monitor the situation of the roads as they analyze the image of the traffic situation and conveys information about the impending congestion the send signals to the traffic police. Harriet, Poku & Anin, 2013 on the other hand argues that effects of the traffic congestion are numerous; on the economic downside it causes tear ad wear of various parts of the vehicles necessitating continuous replacements. In addition there would be a question of not arriving at the work place in time making the business persons to cope with image of incompetency or in some case there is loss of business opportunities. All these problems would in turn cause social implications like being emotionally stressed up and in some cases it culminates from the road bullying incidences. In relation to environmental issues, traffic congesti on elevates matters as it causes a lot of air pollutions resulting from emission of the carbon dioxide. For the emergency situations, blocked lanes have a lot of consequences for those people who require immediate attentions where life could have been saved. Therefore efforts to solve the problems of the traffic congestion would also help to solve other inherent and other related problems at the same time. This will immediately be encoded and transmit the image through the worldwide interoperability of microwave access to the control room of the traffic police this will help to design a very good model to assist the police in doing their work. Transaction costs are relatively higher for international trade than for the transactions that are taking place domestically mainly because of the traffic congestions that are caused by custom related

Thesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thesis - Essay Example est footballers of all time is currently the president of Union of European Football Associations (UEFA).1Further, football has become a big business game, and all of the English Premier League clubs are currently listed on the London Stock Exchange. By purchasing popular players from different parts of the world, especially Asia, and by holding their training camps in different parts of the world, i.e., effectively touring, clubs are using strategic marketing, thereby creating a significant source of income. This is due to the large population and the rapid development in economic terms of countries to which they are marketing (Ashton-Jones et al., 2008:a). For example, the first appearance of Chinese Lie Tie and Sun Jihai in the English Premier League was broadcast in more than 700 million Chinese homes (Desbordes, 2006, p. 7). On the other hand, leisure activities have been proven to be â€Å"a normal good;† i.e., the demand for leisure increases with increasing income. Research has also shown that the residents of the wealthiest countries spend more time engaging in leisure activities, such as football (Houston and Wilson, 2002).2 Contemporary indication shows that economic prosperity may lead to sporting success than the other way around. Recent evidence indicates that after 1996 since the Bosman ruling, the success in football is dominated by the England ´s richest four teams (i.e. Manchester United, Arsenal, Liverpool, and Chelsea) called â€Å"the big four†. The dominance of these teams since 1996 has led to think that economic prosperity may lead to sporting success in football. Thus, whether economic prosperity leads to sporting success in the case of football or vice versa is unclear and needs to be proved empirically. This is needed to find out the contributing factors for the widening splits between richer and poorer football clubs. This can be considered as a type of inequality between haves and have-nots in football market. This inequality is now

Answer Question Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Answer Question - Article Example Often times, the form of abuse can go undiagnosed in the abused because the medical professionals do not see an abuser in the person of the caregiver, but rather a caring individual who wants to help the medical professionals cure the illness. Oftentimes, the parents - as it could be either the mother or the father, although it is normally the mother who is the abuser in this instance, suffered some form of child abuse themselves and managed to survive it (Kaneshiro, N., â€Å"Munchausen Syndrome By Proxy†). As mentioned earlier, it is difficult to detect these instances of medical illness in the adult caretaker. However, once it is diagnosed, it is important to remove the child or elderly from the dangerous situation in order for them to receive the proper medical and mental care to help them get over the trauma of what happened to them. The abuser is also taken in for treatment that often includes individual and family therapy. Due to the child or elderly abuse involved the abuser will need to be reported to the authorities and appropriate charges should be filed against

How to Drive a Teacher Crazy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How to Drive a Teacher Crazy - Essay Example If you were the smartest person in the class wouldn't you be teaching instead of learning In order to successfully drive a teacher crazy, therefore, a student must learn the valuable lesson that nothing causes madness in a teacher more than finding out they made the wrong career decision. The single most effective way to drive an algebra teacher crazy is to simply ask one question. This question can be asked, and probably should be asked, regardless of the problem. And that question is this: How can I use this in real life unless I am working for NASA, or as a writer on Futurama This question is guaranteed to drive any teacher of higher mathematics insane because, of course, nobody except rocket scientists or writers of Futurama ever need to know any kind of math beyond addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. By revealing the great secret of math in American education, that roughly .2% ever use this stuff in real life, you can guarantee that you will drive the teacher crazy because you are suggesting that they have wasted their life. A variation on this method of driving a math teacher crazy can be utilized to enforce the insanity of pretty much any other kind of teacher. A dividing line has always existed between what is useful in school and what is useful in life.

Baking Class-Research Terms Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Baking Class- Terms - Research Paper Example This method is founded on whipping sugar and eggs/yolks to the ribbon stage, dry ingredients are then folded, the egg white is whipped to stiff peaks then folded into the sugar, egg/egg yolk, and dry mixture, lastly fat is folded into the batter. 9) Rolled in fat dough- This is dough in which the fat or filling is incorporated in many layers by using a rolling or folding procedure. It is used for flaky baked goods like croissants, puff pastry and Danish breads. 12) Creaming method- This method is initiated by the blending of sugar with butter until fluffy, eggs are added one by one and allowed to mix into the batter, dry and liquid ingredients are then added. This method is used for preparation of cookies, certain muffins, cakes, and quick breads. 14) Parchment paper- This is heat resistant paper that has been treated and is used in the kitchen for tasks like lining baking pans, wrapping foods to be cooked for instance en papillote, and covering foods when shallow

Interest Levels of Boys Reading at Primary School Essay

Interest Levels of Boys Reading at Primary School - Essay Example Most children entering Key Stage 2 are not certain about their reading processes. Some of these children require specialist assistance and they still require all the experiences offered to the Key Stage 1 children. Other children make a considerable beginning with reading but in the process, they are not able to comprehend majority of the words they are reading in the books with any fluency or speed. They frequently regard themselves as poor readers and they get little pleasure from what they read. These types of children require texts they can manage accurately and those that offer them maximum satisfying experience (Bentley 1999, p93). Data from Lancashire County Council indicates that pupils underperform in reading by; (a) the failure to evaluate the author’s methods in offering an impact on the audience, (b) being not capable of citing evidence for their own opinion from the text and, (c) being not able to draw basic conclusions concerning a character or a situation. Boys fail to perform in reading because they find it difficult to engage with un-macho texts, for instance, they dismiss all female characters as ridiculous (Martin and Waters 1999, p159). It is suggested that in the western societies, the media particularly the television is replacing reading as the main interest of young people. The loss of interest in reading is very worse especially among the boys. The situation has been worsened by the arrival of the Internet and computer games (Goodwyn 2002, p48). It has been argued that â€Å"sex is the major factor in studies of children as readers, being more strongly linked than either social class or ability and attainment with how much children read† (Lockwood and Lockwood 2008, p101). There are many differences on what boys read, how well they read, the much they read, what they discuss in their reading and their performance in certain reading assessments. Researchers have also identified certain elements of English as a subject that tend to alienate boys. The boys are at a disadvantage when emphasis is put on reading narrative fiction specifically realist fiction that deal with daily interpersonal relationships. Outside school, the boys reading interests tend to change when they get older; their interest is more on fantasy than realism and they are engaged more in non-fiction genres than girls. Research shows that boys enjoy non-fiction materials than girls (72 percent of boys as opposed to 57 percent of girls) (Lockwood and Loc kwood 2008, p101). According to the research, the preference for individual responses by the English subject teachers to fiction reading severely disadvantages the boys. This is because the boys are very reluctant to express their emotional engagement with

Criminal Justice Agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Criminal Justice Agency - Essay Example It shall also discuss the role of the lawyer in assisting victims of crime or individuals who have been charged or convicted with crime. Keywords: Federal Public Defender, lawyer, attorney, criminal justice agency, lawyering Federal Public Defender Organization I. Introduction â€Å"The Federal Public Defender is appointed by the Ninth Circuit of the United States Court of Appeals to serve a term of four years. All employees of the Federal Public Defender are employed by the judicial branch of the U.S. Government. The Office of the Federal Public Defender for the Central District of California is the largest federal public defender agency in the United States. The Central District of California covers seven counties which include Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo and Ventura, with a population of over 19 million people. They have offices located in Los Angeles, Santa Ana and Riverside. The main office is located in the Little Tokyo sectio n of downtown Los Angeles with branch offices in Riverside and Santa Ana California. The office has over 240 employees, including 92 attorneys, 26 paralegals, 38 investigators and more than 85 supporting staff members. The Office supports two units namely, the Trial Unit and the Capital Habeas Unit. The attorneys in our Trial Unit are appointed by the court to represent those persons charged with federal offenses who cannot afford to retain their own attorney† (Federal Public). Significance of the Agency I chose the office of the Federal Public Defender because I believe in their cause. They help out poor and indigent individuals who cannot afford the services of a lawyer. They represent people who are wrongly charged for offenses that they did not commit, or victims of crime. I have a high regard for lawyers who fight for the causes of the clients even if they do not earn much profit from practicing the profession. I want to contribute in improving the criminal justice system of our country by helping these individuals who are deprived of good legal services. There should be no distinction or discrimination between paying clients and non-paying clients. This is in consonance to the equal protection clause by upholding every person’s right to a counsel. I have a high regard for the objective of this organization in â€Å"ensuring equal justice for all†. Qualifications â€Å"A Federal Public Defender Organization shall consist of one or more full-time salaried attorneys. The Organization shall be supervised by a Federal Public Defender appointed by the Court of Appeals of the Circuit, after receiving recommendations from the district court or courts to be served. The Federal Public Defender shall be appointed for a term of four (4) years, unless removed by the court of appeals for incompetency, misconduct in his office until his successor is appointed, or until one year after expiration of such defender’s term, whichever is earlierâ €  (United States Code, 2006). â€Å"The compensation of the Federal Public Defender shall be fixed by the court of appeals of the circuit at a rate not to exceed the compensation received by the United States attorney for the district where representation is furnished, or if two

Hinduism Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hinduism Paper - Essay Example Majority of the traditions that define Hinduism abide by a body of sacred text, the Vedas, though a few exceptions exist. At times, people characterize Hinduism by the idea of reincarnation or rebirth, called the samsara. This is governed by karma, and there exists in this religion the concept of liberation from earthly existence and suffering, a sort of salvation from the sequence of recurrent birth and passing away. Most believe in this concept, with a few exceptions and because of this great diversity that it has, Hinduism is sometimes said Hinduisms. Unlike other major living religions, Hinduism is a religion that does not possess a distinct and specific structure of salvation and each different denomination or faction has their own purposes and goals. However it is clear that it allows total and unconditional liberty of principle, faith and devotion. Hindus are free to interpret the basic fundamentality and themes written in the religious texts and scripts. For this very reason, Hinduism is lacking of the conceptions of renunciation of faith, profanation and blasphemy. (Lane, 2005, p.149) According to a book entitled World Religions written by Jefferey Brodd (2003), although Hinduism generally does not follow a singular structure of belief systems, â€Å"prominent themes in Hindu beliefs include (but are not restricted to), Dharma (ethics/duties), Samsara (the continuing cycle of birth, life, death and rebirth), Karma (action and subsequent reaction), Moksha (liberation from samsara), and the various Yogas (paths or practices).† Moksha is a very important concept in Hinduism. It is the counterpart to Buddhism’s concept of Nirvana and is defined as the ultimate disengagement of the spirit from samsara, or the cycle of life and death, and the transporting to a ‘paradise’ where suffering no longer exists. An act of personal completeness called the atma-jnana is the means by which one can obtain moksha. In Hinduism, there are several Vedanta schools, each of which holds their individual interpretation on the idea of moksha, or freedom, that is coherent with their own distinct values and beliefs. Each one has its own identity from each other. However, all schools continue to be consistent to the general comprehending and veneration of Brahman, and maintain to grasp the truths that are written and inscribed in another of Hindu’s religious and sacred text called the Upanishads. Indeed, Hinduism is an extremely diverse religion, open to many interpretations, beliefs and practices. It is undeniable that its roots in India play a big role in the everyday life and culture of the people who reside there. With many other customs, traditions and viewpoints, Hinduism comprises a comprehensive range of edicts and instructions of day-to-day ethics and conducts that are all based on the Hindu traditions and beliefs such as karma and the dharma, among many other social standards. Their lives are governed by Hindu forma l procedures and ceremonies that include weddings, birth and numerous festivals like the Holi Festival and Indian culture is based on many of Hindu traditions and customs that are evident in Indian households and communities. The vast majority of Hindus engage in religious rituals on a daily basis. (Muesse, 2011, p.216) Fervent traditional

Introduction, review of accounting process and financial statement Essay Example for Free

Introduction, review of accounting process and financial statement Essay Part 1 General acceptable accounting principle General accounting principles are set of rules generated by accounting board to guide accountant in preparation and reporting of financial statements. General acceptable accounting principles are accounting guidelines (GAAP) used in United States and are issued by financial accounting standard board (FASB). Other countries uses the guideline issued by international accounting standard board (IASB) supplemented by their own local laws. GAAP guide selection of events to be accounted for, the measurement of these events, and the mean of summarizing and communicating them to interested parties. In recording transactions GAAP make use of the following principles a) historical cost principle b) revenue recognition c) marching principle d) full disclosure GAAP facilitate comparability of financial statement for various firms. Information that has been measured and reported in a similar manner for different enterprise is considered comparable. Comparability enables users to identify the real similarities and differences in economic phenomenon. Comparability is achieved when companies use similar accounting procedures (e.g. use of same inventory method, depreciation) to account for similar economic circumstance (Porwal, 2008). Double entry accounting This is the method of recording accounting transaction where every debit entry must be accompanied by a credit entry and vice versa. If this method of accounting is not enforced then the basic accounting equation i.e. ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY will not balance. Therefore double entry accounting is used to ensure that financial record are complete and thus ensures that final statements give a true and fair view of financial performance at a given date otherwise if an accounting transaction is recorded on one side i.e. a debit or credit the balance sheet will not balance which indicate an error in preparation of financial statement (Fridson Alvarez, 2002). Historical cost Historical cost is the original cost incurred in acquisition of assets. All assets and liability are recorded in financial statement under historical cost principle.   Under this principle the exchange price established or cost incurred at the time a transaction occurs is the basis for initially recording assets and liability. Cost is usually the best estimates of an asset or liability i.e. cost and fair value of an asset are equal at acquisition date. Historical cost principle ensures that there is consistency in recording asset and liability where assets are recorded at historical cost and subsequent loose of value is shown as depreciation and adjusted from historical cost to show the book value of an asset at a given date. Accrual basis vs. cash basis accounting Measurement of revenue can either be through accrual method or cash accounting basis. The two accounting method consists of rules that determines how and when expenses and revenue are reported. With accrual basis of accounting, revenue is recorded in the period in which it is earned and not necessarily when cash is received while expenses are recorded when they have been incurred. This method of accounting is used by all publicly traded company and large businesses. With cash basis of accounting revenue is recognized when cash is received while expenses are recorded when cash is paid (Fridson Alvarez, 2002). The major difference between the two methods is that 1). In using the cash basis of accounting there are no any payables or receivable recorded in the balance sheet while in using the accrual basis both receivables and payables are recognized in the balance sheet. While reporting revenue using accrual basis both collected and uncollected revenue are recorded while for cash basis only the cash amount collected from sales and other activities are recorded. For instance if a customers pay $ 100,000 for goods which he has not yet received by the end of accounting period, using the cash basis this will be shown as revenue in the income statement but while using the accrual basis $100,000 is described as deferred revenue and   will appear in balance sheet as current liability. On the other hand when the firm deliver goods or offers a service but such amount remain outstanding at the end of the period using cash basis such a transaction will not be recorded but while using the accrual basis such amount will be described as accrued  revenue and will be recognized as revenue in the income statement and recorded in balance sheet as current asset (Siegel, 2007). 2) In a cash basis report, only the cash paid to vendors are shown as expenses while in accrual reports both paid and unpaid amount are included as expenses. For instance if a company pay rent amounting to $120,000 for 12 month but by the end of accounting period only rent for six month have been utilized using the accrual method $60,000 will be recorded as rent expense in the income statement while the remaining $ 60,000 are described as prepaid expense and are recorded as current asset in the balance sheet. For cash basis the whole amount of $120,000 will be recorded as rent expense during the current period. In preparation of financial statement the accrual basis of accounting is used where revenue is recorded in the accounting period it is earned irrespective of whether cash is received and associated cost used in generation of this revenue are also recorded in the same period. This is used in order to show the correct profit generated by an enterprise during a certain period. Current assets and liability vs. non-current items Assets include anything of value that is owned or due to the business. Current asset are those that mature in less than one year e.g. inventory, debtors, prepayment and note receivables. Liabilities represent a company’s obligation to creditors. Obligations that have to be paid within one year are called current liabilities. In preparation of financial statement asset are recorded as either current or non-current while liabilities are dividend  into current and non-current liability and companies have to adhere to this rule of financial reporting. Part 2 Bp group BP group present it final statement in term of income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. All the statement are presented in vertical format and each item is shown together with the corresponding item in the previous year. The income statement shows the income generated and division of this profit to various stakeholders i.e. among the total profit generated in year 2008 which amounted to $ 35,239 million the providers of finance received $1,547 million, government received $12,617 million and the shareholders received $ 21,666. The group balance sheet is dividend into five categories namely current assets, non-current assets, current liabilities, non-current liabilities and equity. The cash flow statement is dividend into three category i.e. the operating activities the investing activities and the financing activities. It financial statement are prepare in accordance with applicable UK law and international financial reporting standard. Quicksilver Inc The company also presents it final account in term of income statement, balance sheet and cash flow statement. The income statement show the profit generated and distribution to various stakeholders i.e. shareholders, government and minority interest. For each item in year 2008 the corresponding item in year 2007 and 2006 is also shown. The balance sheet is also presented in a vertical format where items are categorized into non-current assets, current assets, current liability, non-current liability and equity.  The cash flow statement is dividend in to operating, investing and financing activities. It financial statement has been prepared in accordance with the general acceptable accounting principles. RTL group It general presentation of financial statement is like in above two companies with the balance sheet dividend in to current asset and liabilities vs. non-current item and equity. The balance sheet and income statement are prepared in vertical format and show corresponding figures of previous year. Cash from operating activities is the best measure of company performance since it indicates whether or not the company will be able to meet it financing and investing need. Even if the company may have generated sufficient profit it may be in financial difficulty and may even be declared bankrupt for failure to meet obligation of creditor. Higher profit may be as a result of a change in accounting policy and not improvement in performance. More detail relating to each companies associate and subsidiaries can be collected from the filing they make in the respective country in which they are incorporated and their final report. Predicting company’s future trend Quick silver The company net income increased by 19% in 2007 compared to 2006. In 2008 the net income increased by 11% and in the year 2009 income is expected to grow by between  5%-8%. The company management also expect a hard time ahead due to current financial crisis which has led to a decline in household income and lower demand. RTL group In year 2008 revenue grew by 0.01% compared to and in year 2009 revenue are expected to decline by 2-5%. The company management and directors expect a drop in revenue in key market due to global economic crisis which has heightened the intensity of competition. Bp group The net revenue in year 2007 grew by 7% compared to 2006. In 2008 income grew by 27%. In 2009 revenue is expected to grow between 30-35%. Despite the harsh economic condition the management expects to increase it revenue earnings through higher fuel price.

Instant coffee market in Japan

Instant coffee market in Japan Nestlà © has dominated the instant coffee market in Japan for a number of years, however, during the 1960s; canned coffee became more popular in Japan. Nestlà © overlooked this chance to gain more of the market share and branded canned coffee as a coffee-flavoured drink, so did not to enter the market. Kirin Beer, Nestlà ©s partner at the time, broke off its relationship with Nestlà © after they refused to enter the canned coffee market. This increased Coca Colas chances and they entered the market with Georgia, especially for this part of the Japanese market. Coca-Cola managed to secure 40% of the canned coffee market in Japan by utilising its existing distribution channel. Nestlà © only entered the market in the early 1990s and has only a 4% share, through a partnership with Otsuka Beverage [1, 2]. In 1991, Otsuka Beverages Nescafà © Canned Coffee sold 50 million cases (30 cans per case) from September to October and around 70 million individual cans from September to Novembe r. In the beginning, the individual canned coffee product was mostly placed on Japan-Rail kiosks throughout Japan. By entering the canned coffee market Otsuka created much competition between already existing brands; such as Coca-Cola group (Georgia) and beer group (Suntory, Kirin and Asahi) who had already achieved a great deal of market share [3]. However, Table 1 shows that Nestlà ©s market share for canned coffee products in 2005 remained at less than 10% [4]. The Japanese accepted Nestlà © instant coffee, which in turn helped them to be the dominant coffee product in Japan. Nevertheless, to compete with soft drinks they launched a new canned coffee that was not accepted by the Japanese like instant coffee, this was because to the Japanese it was just a coffee flavoured drink rather than a can of real coffee. Nestlà © spends approximately 1% of its annual sales revenue on Research and Development (RD) and in 2006 had 3,100 employees dedicated to this department. Around 70% of the RD budget is spent on development initiatives that focus on developing products and processes that fulfil market needs [1]. Analysis of the status quo of the Japanese RTD Market A report by AgExporter, in October 1992 found that Japan is the worlds largest market for ready-to-drink (RTD) canned coffee [5], which gives foreign firms a good opportunity for investment. In 1991, the Japanese consumed a total of $7.3 billion worth of canned coffee products, this accounted for roughly a quarter of all canned beverage sales [5]. The market reached a value of $16 billion in 2003, having grown with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.9% in the years 1999-2003 [6]. A reason for canned coffees popularity is how it is easily adapted to each seasons temperature. Through the colder winter months, consumers favour hot canned coffee to soft drinks, beer, fruit juices, milk [5] and other cooler drinks. In the hotter summer months, cold canned coffee is preferred. A Japanese trade publication showed that sales of canned coffee were roughly evenly split between summer and winter months [5]. Another reason for the rapid growth in sales of RTD coffee is due to the extensive distribution in vending machines. About 70-80% of total sales of canned coffee are sold via vending machines according to the Japan Soft Drink Bottlers Association. The other 20-30% is sold in convenience stores and supermarkets [5]. Negotiation of strong product distribution through vending machines is particularly important in the Japanese soft drinks market. Almost three quarters of all canned coffee is sold via vending machines [5]. Graphs 1 and 2 show sales of RTD coffee have been declining since 2003, however in 2010 for Coca-Cola (Graph 1) the trend begins to rise whilst Nestlà © (Graph 2) continues to decline [7]. RTD coffee was not the only soft drink to suffer a loss in 2009; the losses were mainly a result of the recession and a shorter summer, which forced many consumers to cut back on spending on unnecessary goods. Chained coffee shops also reported a significant fall in customer numbers through 2009. This caused many Japanese consumers to use thermal flasks to take coffee to work [8]. Graph 1 [7] Graph 2 Graph 2 [7] Coca-Cola (Japan) Co Ltd remains the leader in RTD coffee, accounting for 24% off-trade volume share (see Table 2) and 27% off-trade value share (see Table 3) in 2009. The company benefits from its strong and well-targeted marketing campaigns. The companys strong branding also helped to sustain demand, with its Georgia brand enjoying a high profile. Coca-Cola accounted for almost double the off-trade value share of its nearest competitor in RTD coffee in 2009, with Suntory Holdings Ltd lagging behind at 13.8% off-trade value share in 2009 [8]. Even though there are policies in place that deter foreign companies, they do have some strengths that can be used to get a foothold in the Japanese market, including lower costs for product ingredients, packaging and labour [5]. Even though exporters have advantages, there are factors they should take into account when thinking of investing in the Japanese market. These factors include potential distributors, importers, retailers, vending machine manufacturers and operators to confirm that product packaging is compatible with equipment specifications, government labelling and sanitation standards, and consumer expectations [5]. Even though there are standards that need to be met, in recent years, the Japanese government has slackened a number of regulations and structural trade barriers, making it easier for foreign companies to enter into Japan. However, there are legal, business and cultural obstacles that remain. Among these are tariffs, food sanitation and labelling laws and Japans complex distribution system. Strict limitations have been placed on the use of certain food colourings, preservatives and additives that have to be avoided in canned coffee products [5]. Packaging All products sold in Japan must have the correct labelling. Labels for imported beverages must include the following information: Product name Raw materials used, including additives Date of manufacture or processing Name and location of manufacturer or processor [5] Nearly all leading brands use steel cans for their canned coffee, although a number of companies use aluminium cans, steel cans are favoured because they are sturdier and not as expensive. Non-carbonated beverages often come in aluminium cans that are more prone to denting; packaging is an important issue to address when selling via vending machine since Japanese consumers will reject dented cans. The most common serving sizes for canned coffee products are 150 grams, 190 grams, 250 grams and 350 grams [5] with the most popular being the 250 gram can. However, increased costs of production and ingredients have forced many manufacturers to switch to the smaller 190-gram can but still charge the same price. An increase in product quality is usually the main reason for using the smaller can size; this bodes well with the Japanese consumers who often perceive quality over quantity. Pull-tabs are featured on most brands of canned coffee; however, push-tab cans are gaining in popularity be cause of growing environmental concerns [5]. Most of the major canned coffee manufacturers own their own vending machine networks. Using this, manufacturers can maintain complete control over vending distribution of their products [5]. By working with major vending operators, this will provide foreign firms with an understanding of the Japanese vending machine business and provide assistance for things like product design, packaging, test marketing and strategic planning [5]. The success or failure of a foreign canned coffee product in Japan may well depend on the selection of an appropriate operator [5]. In Japan, trade shows are quite frequent and popular; they provide an excellent opportunity for exporters to introduce products to potential distributors and retailers. These events also offer exporters a chance to gather information about market conditions and products manufactured by Japanese and other foreign companies [5]. Other sources of information that are available and will aid foreign companies are trade journals and publications, which are a key source of information on product and market developments. Advertising published in these journals and publications can help product manufacturers find suitable business support services [5]. Re-launching Nestlà © RTD Coffee In 2004, Nescafà © Santa Marta, from Nestlà © Japan Group was introduced that is made with 100% Santa Marta coffee beans it was produced in 190g cans and cost  ¥115. Another two versions for Nescafà © Santa Marta were also introduced one was called UP and the other BREAK. UP was advertised to retain a just-brewed coffee taste and sharp bitterness and comes in a red can, and BREAK was advertised as a perfect way for loosening the tension and is sold in a blue can. Like the original, both come in 190-gram cans and cost  ¥120 each [9, 10]. Ways of rebranding Nestlà © RTD coffee include retaining the taste and aroma of freshly brewed coffee, making canned coffee healthier, increasing the range of coffee types, and giving canned coffee a more premium image. (See Appendix 1 for PEST analysis and Appendix 2 for SWOT analysis). By rebranding Nestlà © RTD coffee, it will help to give a fresh look, which will aid in attracting new customers potentially from competitors and new possible employees. Another advantage is to differentiate even more from competitors, and because the RTD coffee-market it slowly becoming saturated, rebranding will help boost sales and increase brand image. Possible rebranding of the two products BREAK and UP could include renaming the product followed by a slogan but still promoting that one boosts energy and one relaxes you. Renaming and redesigning each one would give the illusion of a brand new product to existing and potential consumers. Examples of rebranding BREAK could be Onsen followed by the slogan Relax, and an example for UP could be Boost with the slogan Kick start your day. Using a variety of Japanese words within the product names across the range would help attract various consumer groups. Words such as Onsen would more likely attract the older consumers who after a long day at work just want to relax, but changing the word to Karaoke coffee Keeping you in tune would most likely attract the younger consumers. Another aspect of rebranding RTD coffee is too look and choose the release of the coffee carefully as different seasons can help promote different coffees, especially if the name also includes something relative to a particular season. For instance a RTD coffee named Sakura Be one with nature would probably get the most attention and largest sales during the spring months, when the Sakura are in bloom, another seasonal coffee for the winter months, with the name Mountain Top that can promote coffee with cream. Another key factor in rebranding a product is the dominant colour in the design. For Nescafà © their brand colour is red, when combined with white it then portrays the national colours of Japan, this could be another factor in helping attract the consumers attention. Another role that colours play in rebranding is, when used correctly then can give products a premium look along with a highly impactful design of youth and vitality. Giving the product a more premium image will help consumers distinguish the product from competitors and make them realise it is not just another canned coffee. The product name once again comes into effect, giving the coffee a name of honour and meaning could help in rebranding a product as premium, example names could include Emperor Coffee Respect the taste and Samurai Coffee A cut above the rest. Even though rebranding can make the can look more prominent, another aspect is to go back to the roots of Nescafà © and make the coffee can simple yet effective. By replicating the instant coffee colour scheme and design onto the can, it would help the consumer to see that the same coffee goes into both the instant and into the canned coffee products. With Nestlà © dominating the instant coffee market, this strategy could help boost sales of the canned coffee. Using a name like Nescafà © Simple Anywhere, Anytime and the brand colour of red would be one way of promoting this strategy. By researching things that are, Japanese and things that the Japanese respect can aid in a successful rebrand of RTD coffee. The Japanese are very passionate about luck from good luck charms to New Year good luck predictions. Using the category of luck RTD coffee can help gain consumer loyalty and additional consumers. One way of promoting luck and RTD coffee is to change the name to Lucky and incorporating the kanji symbol hachi into the design. Using these two factors another can be added, the use of lucky ring pulls with this different items can be won such as a free can of Lucky if a ring pull is red, or by collecting a certain number of green ring pulls this would allow the consumer to trade them in for a unique mug. The mugs design can promote an upcoming film/anime or perhaps to look kawaii, which is highly popular in Japan. In order to keep consumers and bring in potential new ones from such areas as business people and teenagers canned coffee with the name Inspire may help, as this name has the possibility to motivate people after drinking it. By making canned coffee healthier, it may help attract consumers away from other healthy soft drinks such as green tea; ways of achieving a healthier coffee is decreasing caffeine content or making a caffeine-free version. This method can attract consumers who want to achieve or maintain a healthy lifestyle; this form of rebranding will most likely be successful especially in todays more health-conscious society. One possible problem with zero/low caffeine coffee which needs to be addressed is that the coffee must still maintain the real coffee taste which is present from freshly brewed coffee, however if this problem can be overcome then the firm will stand a good chance of gaining a higher market share. Another method that is being adopted to create a healthier RTD coffee is the use of polyphenol coffee, which contains caffeic acid, which aids the body by acting as an anti-oxidant [11]. If Nestlà © were to incorporate the Nescafà © Green Blend into a canned coffee version, this i s would maximises the anti-oxidants thus creating a more healthy canned coffee variety, this would allow Nestlà © to tap into the healthy RTD coffee market [12]. Nestlà © Japan Ltd increased its focus on health positioning in its advertising in early 2010, showing the entry into new area for a product type that traditionally has not been associated with health and wellness. In November 1994, a report was published which showed that only 20% of the sales of canned coffee was bought by women; they often favour unsweetened coffee so often visit coffee shops for black coffee, this is due to a majority of women being calorie-conscious so black coffee is preferred [14]. In 2006 infoPLANT carried out a survey about canned coffee, which looked at consumerism and packaging. Over a week at the start of October 6,480 successfully completed the survey, with 65.7% of the respondents being female. Graph 3 shows how often the respondents purchased canned coffee [15]. Graph 3 [15] Conclusion Regardless of Japans economic position, coffee has not gone out of fashion; in fact, it retains the same importance as ever. Coffee is regarded as a healthier alternative to caffeine-based energy drinks; and continues to have a broad appeal across a wide range of the population who work long and increasingly anti-social hours. Canned coffees diversity and popularity allows enjoyment by a wide range of consumers from high school students through to the elderly [2]. Although there is potential to rebrand Nestlà © RTD coffee to draw in the additional consumers; the majority of RTD coffee drinkers remains with business people. Therefore, it is very important to rebrand not only a product to attract other areas of the population such as younger and older generation, but also rebrand a product to attract the masses. This would enable Nestlà © to increase its consumer base but remain focused on RTD coffees main consumer. Word count (excluding tables): 2750 Word count (including tables): 2931 References [1] HILL, C. W. L. 2010. Part V Case: Nestle: Global Strategy International Business. 8 ed.: McGraw-Hill. [2] NESTLÉ. History of Nestlà © Japan Group [Online]. Available: http://www.nestle.co.jp/japan/e/profile/japan-history.asp [Accessed 13th December 2010]. [3] KARASAWA, K. 1991. Canned coffee sales regain two-digit growth. (Japanese coffee sales). Tea Coffee Trade Journal [Online], 163. [4] LOPEZ, J. 2005. NESTLÉJAPAN GROUP. [5] AGEXPORTER. 1992. Canned coffee sales in Japan brewing lots of interest [Online]. Available: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3723/is_n10_v4/ai_12921886/ [Accessed 10th December 2010]. [6] DATAMONITOR. 2004. RTD Tea Coffee in Japan. [7] Company Shares (by Global Brand Owner) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Off-trade Volume à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ % breakdown [Online]. Euromonitor International. Available: https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Portal/ResultsList.aspx [Accessed 5th December 2010]. [8] 2010. Rtd Coffee Japan [Online]. Euromonitor International. Available: https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Portal/accessPDF.ashx?c=94PDFf=S-146710-17543094.pdfcode=SoTwtXEdCEmTuFcrWACsLR00dKM%3d [Accessed 5th December 2010]. [9] 2004. New Coffee Drink from Nestlà © Japan Group. [Online]. Available: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-7013702_ITM [Accessed 21st December 2010]. [10] 2004. New Canned Coffee Drinks from Nestlà © Japan Group [Online]. Available: http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8240666_ITM [Accessed 21st December 2010]. [11] NESTLÉ. QA [Online]. Available: http://nestle.jp/faq/polyphenol/index.html [Accessed 11th December 2010]. [12] NESCAFÉ ® Green Blend [Online]. Available: http://www.nescafe.co.uk/CoffeeCupboard/everyday-choice/nescafe-green-blend [Accessed 11th December 2010]. [13] 2010. Coffee Japan [Online]. Euromonitor International. Available: https://www.portal.euromonitor.com/Portal/ResultsList.aspx [Accessed 5th December 2010]. [14] SILVERMAN, I. 1994. Women are newest target for canned coffee in Japan. Advertising Age, 65, 60. [15] KEN, Y. N. 2006. What Japan Thinks [Online]. Available: http://whatjapanthinks.com/2006/10/26/almost-half-of-japanese-men-start-their-workday-with-a-canned-coffee/ [Accessed 11th December 2010]. Appendix Appendix 1: PEST Analysis for the re-branding of Nestlà ©-RTD-Coffee Political Ecological/environmental issues Current legislation home market Future legislation Regulatory bodies and processes Government policies Government term and change Trading policies Funding, grants and initiatives Economic Home economy situation Home economy trends General taxation issues Taxation specific to product/services Seasonality/weather issues Market and trade cycles Specific industry factors Market routes and distribution trends Customer/end-user drivers Social Lifestyle trends Consumer attitudes and opinions Media views Brand, company, technology image Consumer buying patterns Major events and influences Buying access and trends Advertising and publicity Technological Research funding Associated/dependent technologies Manufacturing maturity and capacity Information and communications Consumer buying mechanisms/technology Innovation potential Technology access, licencing, patents

Command and Conquer: Generals Unit Tactics: GLA Unit Strategies

Command and Conquer: Generals Unit Tactics: GLA Unit Strategies Command and Conquer: Generals Unit Tactics: GLA Unit Strategies: The GLA or Global Liberation Army is known for its resourcefulness and shrewd tactics. Some of the armored vehicles including technicals and marauders have the ability to scavenge destroyed enemy vehicle and upgrade their firepower. One of the key important units to look out for is the scud launcher, bomb truck and the terrorist infantry unit. The truck can be very deceptive and can inflict serious damage on enemy structures. Learn more about GLA units and the strategies required to use them in this Command and Conquer: Generals tactics guide. Rebel: The rebel is the basic infantry unit of the GLA. It has the ability to capture buildings, which can be researched at the barracks. There are several additional abilities that can be upgraded. You can increase the damage by 25 percent if you research AP bullets at the black market. Whats more, you can also use their stealth ability against enemy infantry. All you have to do is research the camouflage upgrade at the Palace to have this ability. With the help of stealth, the GLA rebel units can ambush enemy units, particularly in areas that are left undefended. With stealth, you can use them to capture buildings and oil derricks silently. RPG Trooper: The RPG trooper is very handy unit against both land and air units, but can get killed by the Chinese Gatling tanks, American Humvees and infantry units. Use 5-6 units to destroy armored vehicles and aircraft easily. You can also put them inside GLA Technicals to inflict maximum damage. Just like the rebels, the RPG troopers fire power can be increased by 25 percent if upgraded to AP rockets at the black market. Terrorists: These are very dangerous when used against enemy tanks and missile launchers, but can easily fall prey to Gatling tanks, Humvees, pathfinders or foot infantry. Always disperse them and then detonate enemy units, do not use them in packs. In most skirmish maps, you will find vacant black-colored cars. Garrison them inside to create car bombs and drive inside enemy buildings and units to inflict maximum damage. But, remember that they can also cause damage to nearby GLA structures and units, so use them wisely. These are very resourceful and are the one of the best Command and Conquer Generals tactics for the GLA faction. Angry Mob: Angry mob are generally a group of specially created units that can cause maximum damage. They are generally created in groups. They can be unlocked after building the Palace. They have the most unique weapons including stones, Molotov cocktails and can be upgraded with firearms after researching arm the mob at the palace. While they are not the best of command and conquer: generals tactics to employ against USA pathfinders, Humvees and Chinese Gatling tanks, they can cause serious damage to tanks and enemy structures. Use at least 4-5 upgraded mobs against enemy buildings and vehicles. They can also be a great option for defending key GLA structures. Jarmen Kell: This unit is the perfect answer to USAs Colonel Burton. He has the abilities of the sniper and can denote buildings through his remote controlled bomb. You can use him to snipe infantry units as well as vehicle drivers and later steal them. But, his weakness is the slow reload time of his sniper rifle. You can easily eliminate Jarmen Kell with the help of your anti-stealth units. But, beware, he can hide inside buildings and take out all your infantry units. To make things difficult, the building does not change to the GLA team color, but once you locate him, you can force him to evacuate by throwing flash bang grenades. Hijacker: Hijackers are one of the most expensive units of the GLA faction, but can be tactically employed to inflict the maximum damage. They are mainly used to steal assault and general enemy vehicles. You can use them to capture enemy vehicles with the first level veteran status. You can also hijack enemy dozers, build their structures and units and create havoc on them with their own structures. to unlock the hijacker, you will have to build, palace, barracks and sped three general points. Quite a hard work to create this unique unit! GLA Armored Vehicles: Technical: Playing as GLA ensures you have excellent Command and Conquer: Generals tactics and strategies up on your sleeves. Most GLA vehicles are very resourceful. The technical is the best example of a cheap, resourceful yet destructive GLA vehicle. It can serve as an excellent vehicle transport for infantry, terrorists and hijackers. Put some of them inside and drop them on the enemy zone make your fight easier. A good example of its resourcefulness is its ability to upgrade its firepower by stealing scrap of destroyed enemy vehicles. Just run over the scraps of two destroyed vehicles and see its firepower change from machine gun to missile attacks. Scorpion: The scorpion may be the weakest armored vehicle of the GLA, but once it is upgraded with scorpion rockets, it can cause destruction to enemy vehicles and infantry. Scorpion upgrades are mainly available at the arms dealer structure, the palace and the black market. To upgrade its fire power to rockets research the scorpion rockets at the arms dealer, but if you want to upgrade it with deadly anthrax, then research toxin shells. This can inflict serious damage to the opponents infantry units. You can also enhance the damages by researching anthrax beta at the palace. When battling against enemy units, use at least 7-8 upgraded Scorpions to get excellent damage results. Marauder: The Marauder is one of prime GLA armored vehicles. With its increased range, accuracy and good armor the Marauder can cause great damage to your opponents vehicles and units. It has features similar to the scorpion. You can upgrade using scraps of enemy units and use it to fire anthrax weapons from its projectiles. Use at least 6-7 marauders along with other units while planning an attack on your opponents. The rest upgrades are similar to the Scorpion. Quad Cannon: The quad cannon can be used as a good defensive unit against light armored vehicles and infantry. But, it is very weak against heavy armored vehicles and air units. Always have a group 0f 5 or 6 quad cannons to take out any nuisance infantry units. You can increase its damage power by 25 percent by researching AP bullets at the black market. Rocket Buggy: Rocket Buggies are fast, accurate, but have slow reload times. Because they are fast-paced, they can easily hide beyond the reach of enemy units and come back strong. The best tactic is to use 3-4 rocket buggies to shoot and quickly hide them beyond the reach of enemy units. When it reloads, attack your opponents again. Using its speed and heavy fire power can be the perfect strategy against your opponents. Bomb Truck: Bomb trucks are extremely effective against a large group of enemy units. As the name suggests, bomb trucks are loaded with explosives and chemical weapons. You can employ multiple tactics with these expensive units. Use them silently to sneak inside enemy base and run over a cluster of vehicles. You can also use them to sneak into unguarded enemy structures. Scud Launcher: The scud launcher is GLAs artillery weapon that can fire scud missiles from a good distance. It has two types of fire power-anthrax warheads and explosives. When playing skirmish battles in Command and Conquer: Generals, use the scud launchers explosives against enemy structures and warheads on infantry and vehicles. Make sure your launchers are protected with RPG troopers and marauders as they are very vulnerable against enemy armors. Because they can bombard from a great distance, make sure you place them at strategic isolated areas near enemy base camp. Toxin Tractor: This unit spurts green toxins at enemy units and can be very effective against light infantry units. You can eliminate your opponents infantry garrisoned in civilian buildings. But, always support it with other units and make sure they are far off against heavy armor.

Earnest J. Gaines A Lesson Before Dying Essay -- Gaines Lesson Before

Earnest J. Gaines' A Lesson Before Dying A Lesson Before Dying, by Ernest J. Gaines is set in a plantation community in rural Louisiana. The two main characters in the novel, Grant and Jefferson, are engaged in a struggle to achieve self-respect in society, which allots them none. The story takes place at the end of the 1940s, a time when Louisiana and many other southern states were practicing segregation. The second college edition of the American Heritage Dictionary defines segregation as, â€Å"†¦The policy and practice of imposing the social separation of races, as in schools, housing, and industry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1111). Mr. Gaines employs a variety of settings to illustrate how this cruel practice invades every aspect of Grant and Jefferson’s lives; from religion and legal process to love. In the courtroom, the defense lawyer insinuates that Jefferson is less than a man because of his physical characteristics and apparent lack of intelligence. He asks the jury, â€Å"†¦do you see a man sitting here? Look at the shape of this skull, this face as flat as the palm of my hand†¦do you see a modicum of intelligence?† (7). He further degrades Jefferson by referring to him as a thing, â€Å"What you see here is a thing that acts on command†, and finally as an animal, â€Å"†¦I would just as soon put a hog in the electric chair as this.† (7-8). Evidently, discrimination and stereotyping based on the degree of skin pigmentation exhibited existed as a hierarchy with the lightest skin pigmentation on top and the darkest on the bottom, with the each individual cluster discriminating against the one beneath them. Grant’s former schoolmaster, Mathew Antoine, may have been a male role model for him. However, professor Antoine was bitter, he loathed himself ... ...grained the principles of slavery and its progeny (segregation) were in Louisiana society. It is unfathomable that people (i.e., the Creole) exposed to unjust discrimination based simply on their pigmentation, would in turn discriminate against others for similarly unfounded and irrational reasons. From the courtroom to the jailhouse, Grant and Jefferson faced discrimination. However, when they finally realized that the stereotypes being forced upon them were only physical confinements, not mental or spiritual confinements, they were able to identify their own self-worth and achieve self-respect. â€Å"Only when the mind is free has the body a chance to be free.† (251). Works Cited American Heritage Dictionary. Second College Edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.1982. Gaines, Ernest J. A Lesson Before Dying. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.1993.

How can we protect our private information from others? Essay -- Commu

During my brother’s freshman year at TCU, he made the decision to join ROTC, a college military program that TCU offered its’ students in which the students would receive a full tuition scholarship if they joined. However, my brother did not want to disclose this information to our whole family and unfortunately I was unaware of this when my mother and I arrived at TCU for an unexpected visit. Upon the arrival of my mother and me, I fortuitously made the mistake of revealing my brother’s decision to join ROTC, which as a result enraged my mother to a new height. She was infuriated with the fact that my brother kept this important information from her. Due to this unintentional spilling of my brother’s private information, it took him a long time for him to conceal his private information to me and to trust me with his secrets. Conversely, through the research I have conducted on Sandra Petronio’s Communication Privacy Management Theory, I have gain ed helpful insight about realizing that there are certain boundaries and rules when others self-disclose and it is my duty to know and understand these boundaries and rules to appease the chance of â€Å"boundary turbulence.† If I had known the central premise of this theory before revealing my brother’s private information, I could have come to the conclusion that it would not be in mine or my brother’s best interest to reveal to my mother that he was in the ROTC program. The Communication Privacy Management theory is as Petronio states â€Å"as a map of the way people navigate privacy† and gives the necessary steps of how one must set and coordinate certain privacy rules with their co-owner, in order for the owner to feel that they have complete control of who gets to know their private inform... ...e discussions in order to make sure she is in complete control of her private information. During this time, Katherine is considered to have complete ownership of her learning disability. She has not allowed anyone to become a co-owner of this information, and due to a certain event when Russ pokes fun at those with learning disabilities, Katherine soon feels as if she will never be able to conceal her learning disability with her friends. Nevertheless, if Katherine wants to have more than a â€Å"superficial† relationship with Russ and Kim, she must disclose her ADD disability with them and be honest which brings her to asses her relationship with her friends. During this time, Katherine, unknowingly, applies three of the five components of Petronio’s rules based management system that her CPM theory addresses, wherein it explains how we create our privacy boundaries.

My Position in Maslow’s Hierarchy Of Needs Essay

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, I would like to see myself in the fourth level. I must say I am already fulfilled when it comes to physiological, safety, and belongingness needs. As I grow old, I realize my needs and as I become mature I started to aim for satisfaction. I have a very supportive family and I could say that I have gained a lot of friends along my journey whom I can consider as part of my success. I am no longer a child to aim for belongingness nor too old to aim for self actualization, I am still on my quest for achievement and reputation. Even though, I have already finished my college education, I still have a lot of plans for my future. Just like what Marlow’s say about the â€Å"needs† of a person, esteem needs talks about the pride. I must say I am already in the stage where I am aiming for other’s recognition and respect. Since I have a strong belief that respect and reputation are gained not only through kindness, I am still planning for more not only to have them but also because those achievements are what I consider as real success in one’s life. In my two decades of existence, I have learned to value the achievements that I have gained and aim for more as I grow old. When a person desire for independence and competence, I must say that that is the time when he or she is already satisfied with his or her other needs. That is what I feel for myself right now. I have learned to mingle with different kinds of people for more knowledge, go to different places for adventure, and face adversaries to win every competition. I won a lot of friends but I have also encountered a lot of enemies on my way to what I called success. Maybe because I have been considered as competent and a dreamer, what I already have right now seem not enough for me to be satisfied. I think that is because I am still young to stop and be satisfied for what I have gained in my short journey of life. I also think that being a member of a family of achievers gives me an inspiration to dream more and go further than what I have already accomplished. The prominent people around me give me encouragement to make all my plans reachable. Apparently, my goal in life and my perspective of satisfaction rely heavily on my quest for independence, respect, and reputation. I have realized that I am already satisfied with other needs in life and those things that I want to do today reflect what I want to be in the future.

History of Indian Pharma Industry

CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION History of Indian Pharma Industry The  Pharmaceutical industry  in  India  is the world's third-largest in terms of volume and stands 14th in terms of value. According to Department of Pharmaceuticals,  Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, the total turnover of India's pharmaceuticals industry between 2008 and September 2009 was  US$21. 04 billion. While the domestic market was worth US$ 12. 26 billion. Sale of all types of medicines in the country is expected to reach around  US$19. 22 billion by 2012. Exports of pharmaceuticals products from India increased from US$6. 3 billion in 2006-07 to US$8. 7 billion in 2008-09 a combined annual growth rate of 21. 25%. According to  PricewaterhouseCoopers  (PWC) in 2010, India joined among the league of top 10 global pharmaceuticals markets in terms of sales by 2020 with value reaching US$50 billion. Some of the major pharmaceutical firms including  Sun Pharmaceutical,  Cadila Healthcare  and   Piramal Healthcare. The  government  started to encourage the growth of drug manufacturing by Indian companies in the early 1960s, and with the Patents Act in 1970. However, economic liberalization in 90s by the former Prime Minister  P.V. Narasimha Rao  and the then  Finance  Minister,  Dr. Man Mohan Singh  enabled the industry to become what it is today. This patent act removed composition  patents  from food and drugs, and though it kept process patents, these were shortened to a period of five to seven years. The lack of patent protection made the Indian market undesirable to the multinational companies that had dominated the market, and while they streamed out. Indian companies carved a niche in both the Indian and world markets with their expertise in reverse-engineering new processes for manufacturing drugs at low costs.Although some of the larger companies have taken baby steps towards drug innovation, the industry as a whole has been following this b usiness model until the present. India's  biopharmaceutical  industry clocked a 17 percent growth with revenues of Rs. 137 billion ($3 billion) in the 2009-10 financial year over the previous fiscal. Bio-Pharma was the biggest contributor generating 60 percent of the industry's growth at Rs. 8, 829 crore, followed by bio-services at Rs. 2, 639 crore and bio-Agri at Rs. 1, 936 crore. The number of purely Indian Pharma companies is fairly low.Indian Pharma industry is mainly operated as well as controlled by dominant foreign companies having subsidiaries in India due to availability of cheap labor in India at lowest cost. In 2002, over 20,000 registered drug manufacturers in India sold $9 billion worth of formulations and bulk drugs. 85% of these formulations were sold in India while over 60% of the bulk drugs were exported, mostly to the United States and Russia. Most of the players in the market are small-to-medium enterprises; 250 of the largest companies control 70% of the Ind ian market.Thanks to the 1970 Patent Act, multinationals represent only 35% of the market, down from 70% thirty years ago. Most Pharma companies operating in India, even the multinationals, employ Indians almost exclusively from the lowest ranks to high level management. Mirroring the social structure, firms are very hierarchical. Homegrown pharmaceuticals, like many other businesses in India, are often a mix of public and private enterprise. Although many of these companies are publicly owned, leadership passes from father to son and the founding family holds a majority share.In terms of the global market, India currently holds a modest 1-2% share, but it has been growing at approximately 10% per year. India gained its foothold on the global scene with its innovatively engineered generic drugs and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), and it is now seeking to become a major player in outsourced clinical research as well as contract manufacturing and research. There are 74 U. S. FDA-approved manufacturing facilities in India, more than in any other country outside the U. S, and in 005, almost 20% of all Abbreviated New Drug Applications (ANDA) to the FDA are expected to be filed by Indian companies. Growths in other fields notwithstanding, generics are still a large part of the picture. London research company Global Insight estimates that India’s share of the global generics market will have risen from 4% to 33%. The Indian pharmaceutical industry has become the third largest producer in the world and is poised to grow into an industry of $ 20 billion in 2015 from the current turnover of $ 12 billion. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is a success story. 00 000 people are employed in this sector, in some 12 000 firms. 2 900 of them are large scale units, following a recent article by Pradeep Aggrawal and P. Saibaba in the renowned Economic and Political Weekly of Mumbai (29 September 2001). In the pre- and post-production sector, a further 2. 5 mil lion jobs are thought to be involved. Compared to the general price index, drug prices have risen much less in the last 15 years and remain far below average. â€Å"Worldwide, India is a  country of very low drug prices while producing high quality medicines†, Nihchal H.Israni, president of the Indian Drug Manufacturers’ Association (IDMA), states proudly. Self-sufficiency with regard to pharmaceutics exceeds 90 percent – in spite of the policy of a more open economy pursued by India since 1991. The secret of this success is the Indian Patents Act 1970. India had entered independence with the patent system of the British  colonial masters, enacted in 1911. This secured the Indian market for the British industry. Prior to 1970, multinational  companies dominated the Indian market with a share of 85%, pharmaceutics were largely imported whereas local production remained minimal.Section 83 of the Patents Act 1970 states â€Å"that patents are granted to enco urage inventions and to secure that the inventions are worked in India on a  commercial scale and to the fullest extent and not to enable patentees to enjoy a monopoly for the importation†. At the turn of the century, the share of multinationals had declined to a share of 40 percent of India’s market, including a substantial share of local processing by multinationals. 45 of the larger scale production units belong to multinational  companies. The â€Å"architect† of the patent law of 1970, S.Vedaraman, then director of the Indian Patent Office, summarizes the spirit of the law as follows: â€Å"We are not against patents. And we are prepared to pay decent license fees. But we in India cannot afford monopolies. † Since then, India has done without product patents for pharmaceutics, with the exception of production processes that may be patented for seven years. In addition, the law allowed for  compulsory licenses granted by the state, in the case of a patent holder not granting voluntary licenses on fair  conditions. India profited from a large section of well-qualified experts who made good use of the new opportunities.These moves did not find much favor with the multinational Pharma-industry. It should not be forgotten, though, that in many industrial  countries, the protection of inventions through patents was only developed in the last 30 years. The Swiss pharmaceutical industry in particular fought the enactment of a patent law at the end of the 19th century, in order to be able to imitate foreign drugs, such as Aspirin. In the German Reichstag (Parliament) Switzerland was  considered a â€Å"state of robber barons†, in France a â€Å"country of counterfeiters†.Product patents for medical drugs have only been known in Switzerland since 1978. It is very clear whose interest they serve. Technology exporters profit from patent protection, which shields them from low-cost  competition. Technology importe rs – in other words, most of the developing  countries – want access to technical innovations as freely and cheaply as possible, i. e. no patent protection which creates monopolistic barriers. Indeed it was in this way that the economic development of Japan, Korea and Taiwan was able to thrive, due to the beneficial absence of patents.The Cipla philosophy has for decades been to promote the principle of relying on one’s own strength. â€Å"For India, this means striving for a high degree of self-sufficiency in vital areas of health and nutrition, and for our business practice, it means aiming for the fulfillment of the needs of the Indian population, the use of indigenous raw materials and of local personnel†, says Cipla managing director Y. K. Hamied. This philosophy,  combined with technical expertise, must have been the reason that the Indian  Council for Medical Research suggested to Cipla in 1990 that the AIDS drug Zidovudine be produced locall y.Due to the state investing its limited means in prevention, the market remained small. In India, approximately US$ 2 million is turned over yearly for AIDS drugs. Of this, Cipla has a share of about 80 percent. This is only a small percentage of Cipla’s total turnover of more than US$ 210 million. Indian Pharma industry is very interested in the export of its pharmaceutics. Developing  countries are an important market for Indian manufacturers because they produce high quality products at very  competitive prices. But free trade is hampered by national and international patent rules.For a patent does not only constitute the sole right to produce a product but also to import it. Despite these barriers, India’s drug exports exceeded in the year 2000 for the first time US$ 1. 5 billion. The success story of the pharmaceutical sector is part of a wider but less known â€Å"economic miracle†: India achieved average rates of economic growth for the last 20 years of six percent annually. Major Pharmaceutical Companies in India: In the list of top pharmaceutical companies in India it is not the Indian companies but also the MNCs that are becoming the part of the race.Indian pharmaceutical market in 2008 was $7,743m and if compared to year 2007 it was 4% more than that. It is expected that Indian pharmaceutical market will grow more than the global pharmaceutical market and will become $15,490 million in 2014. Today Indian pharmaceutical industry is the second most fastest growing industry displaying the revenue of Rs 25,196. 48 crore and growth of 27. 32 percent. Top pharmaceutical companies in India are also acquiring the small companies worldwide to further expand the market. Injections, tablets, capsule; syrups are the products of Pharma companies in India.Looking back into history reveals that it was in 1930 when the first pharmaceutical company in India came into existence in Kolkata. It is called the â€Å"Bengal Chemicals and Pharmac eutical Works†. This Indian company is still there and today it is the part of five drug manufacturing companies that are owned by the government. Till the period of 60 years the pharmaceutical industry in India was overshadowed by the foreign drug manufacturing companies but with the Patent Act in 1970, the whole scenario of pharmaceutical companies in India had changed since then.With this the Indian market was more open to Indian pharmaceutical companies than the MNCs. So with this pharmaceutical companies in India started to grow in number At present there is a cut throat competition among top pharmaceutical companies in India with the native as well as MNCs. But there are certain issues that are concerning the growth of Pharma companies in India. These are: ? Mandatory licensing and failure of new pattern system. ? Regular power cuts and inadequate infrastructure. ? Restricted funding. ? Regulatory hindrances that lead to the delays in the launch of new drug or Pharma pro duct. Too many small as well as big pharmaceutical companies and excessive competition. Top 10 Pharmaceutical Companies in India |Rank |Company Name |Turnover Amount |Remarks | |1. |Ranbaxy |4198. 96 | | |2. |Dr. Reddy Lab. |4162. 25 | | |3. |Cipla |3763. 72 | | |4. |Sun Pharma |2463. 9 | | |5. |Lupin labs |2215. 52 | | |6. |Aurobindo Pharma |2080. 19 | | |7. |Galxo Smithkline |1773. 41 | | |8. |Cadila Healthcare |1613. 00 | | |9. |Aventis |983. 80 | | |10. IPCA Laboratories |980. 84 | | COMPANY PROFILE Medley is a global pharmaceutical company operating since 1969 from Mumbai, India. Since launch, the company consolidated its position with a strong marketing infrastructure. In the year 1976, a formulation plant with modern facility was set up at Aurangabad followed by a couple of units placed at Daman and Jammu. Medley has state of the art facilities maintaining high quality standards at every further stage in manufacturing process with strict adherence to the Good Manufacturing Pr actices.Medley Pharmaceuticals Limited is a multidivisional and multi location organization with strong presence in Pharmaceutical formulations. The specialties include Hematinics, Anti ulcerants, Anti bacterial, Pain management, Gynecology & cardiovascular drugs. We specialize in Iron preparations, our mega brand being R. B. Tone Syrup. We also have many 1st time in India brands to our credit like Dompan (Domperidone & Pantoprazole), O2 (Ornidazole & Ofloxacin), Tazocef (Tazobactum & ceftriaxone) & Osmium K2 (1st brand of Vitamin K27 combination in India)Medley ranks amongst the top 40 pharmaceutical companies in India as per ORG IMS. Medley believes that quality is a continuous process and not an isolated stage in the process. They have an extensive distribution network across the country with 5 Depots, 17 C/Fs & over 1500 Stockiest which caters to the retailers. Research & Development The inbuilt quality of products is assured through scientific way of product development at R&D scale, transfer of technology from lab scale to mass production, analytical method development, stability studies and process validation.Our current thrust is towards development of innovative dosage forms in the areas of tablets, syrups, aerosols & other types of herbal formulations found in India. We believe that only through integrity one can provide the best medicine to patients whose well being is valued the most as per the company perspective. Medley has established state of the art R&D centers at Daman and Mumbai equipped with the latest ultra modern instruments. These R&D centers have highly experienced team of scientists having post graduate & doctorate degrees in the field of pharmacy & chemistry.The R&D centre established at Daman has received approval of Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India in 2006. WORLDWIDE OPERATIONS [pic] Medley has set its eyes on becoming a truly global pharmaceutical company over the next decade. Medley's products reach 26 countrie s with significant presence in Asia, Africa, Middle East, Russia and CIS Medley intend to enhance its International presence based on its policy of â€Å"Integrity in Medicines† and quality of products. Medley already has setup the office in UK and tied up with partner in USA and SA.Medley is aggressively working on finalizing its business tie-ups in Brazil. Medley has dynamic team and representative office in Vietnam, Myanmar, Cambodia, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Russia and Kazakhstan. The dynamic field force promotes its specialty formulations. Around 514 formulations are registered in 26 countries. Today International business contributes 12% of Medley sales, but expected to grow substantially in the next three years. We have three manufacturing facilities, two at Daman and one at Jammu which strictly follows WHO GMP guidelines.All our manufacturing facilities are the state of art manufacturing units for oral and liquid section. The Daman Facility is MHRA-UK approved. One of our fa cilities at DAMAN is certified for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) Conforming to INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS by Competent Regulatory Authorities in Uganda, Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi, Ethiopia, and Yemen. Medley is now preparing for the South Africa. This initiative of Medley would help strive for the growth and to serve the world community. COLLABORATION Collaboration is Key to Our Success:-Collaboration, cooperation and partnership are the keys to our success. We are committed to working with our corporate partners to  offer our research, development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales expertise. Identifying good partners and managing long-term relationships is part of our company philosophy. Contract Manufacturing Why Medley for Contract Manufacturing? Medley understands the outsourcing requirements of its customers and transforms their needs into solutions. The pharmaceutical industry today is acing challenging business environment due to escalating R and manufacturing costs as well as delays in bringing new drugs to market. Other key factors impacting the industry include: †¢ Ever increasing demands to deliver lower cost of goods & improve customer supply performance †¢ Greater product complexity †¢ Ongoing regulatory compliance demands By using our contract manufacturing services you can access Medley's comprehensive technology portfolio for pharmaceuticals and the competence we have built up over decades.Knowledge, modern technology and creativity combined with clear and well-defined communication procedures between our teams of experts and customers & above all consistency, world class quality & delivery ahead of time are the key factors for achieving optimum solutions that will surely exceed your expectations. Complete confidentiality and protection of client intellectual property is the heart of the Medley culture. In-Licensing We look at partnering and collaborating as an important strategic approach that will complement our growth in India and international markets.We believe in brand building & are leaders in various therapeutic segments with 3 brands featuring in top 300 (IMS-Health). Our extensive distribution network with more than 1500 stockist’s, 6 depots & 16 C&F’s backed by 40 years of marketing experience & strong field force of over 1500 representatives enables us to achieve the leadership position in various therapeutic segments. We use collective experiences and resources that have been proven to work at the highest levels of efficiency to help brands better succeed.Our core areas of marketing expertise include the gastroenterology, cardiovascular, dialectology, gynecology & Orthopedic therapy areas. We seek to establish a long term, mutually rewarding relationship based on exclusive marketing rights business model, as well as co-marketing or strategic alliances for co-development including clinical trials of products for necessary regulatory approvals. Out-Licensing Our form ulation development expertise enables us to develop generic products which are bioequivalent. We seek out-licensing opportunities for our generic formulations for global markets.Our Global Services †¢ Formulation development †¢ Contract manufacturing of generic formulations for European market †¢ Analytical method development and validation †¢ Extensive QC capabilities (Micro, Chemical, ICH Stability) †¢ Packaging and shipping Company vision [pic] MILESTONES 1. First manufacturing operation in  Aurangabad in 1976 for tablets,  capsules and liquid orals. 2. Second unit established in  1992 at Daman  for liquid orals. 3. Third unit at  Daman established in 1998  for tablets and capsules which was later dedicated to Cephalosporin formulations. 4.Fourth unit established at  Daman in 2000  for large volume liquid orals. 5. Fifth unit established at  Daman in 2002  for tablets and capsules complying with international regulatory requirements. 6 . Medley was accredited as  ISO – 9001:2000  companies during the year 2003, by  American Quality Assessors (AQA). 7. Largest Brand R. B. Tone  is number 2 in haematinic segment as per ORG-IMS. Brand O2 launched in 2005  is number 1 in the anti diarrhoeal segment as per ORG-IMS. 8. A large manufacturing complex in  Jammu in 2005  spread over  12. 5 acres  of land. 9. State of the art  R&D centres established at Daman  which has eceived approval of Department of Science and Technology, Govt. of India in  2006. 10. Medley received the well deserved accolade  Ã¢â‚¬Å"WHO GMP Certificate†. INFRASTRUCTURE Daman Plant:- The plant is located on plot No. 18 & 19, Zari causeway road, Kachigam, Daman. This facility is located about 5 km away from Vapi railway station & about 179 km from Mumbai. The plot size is 7602 sq. mtrs, and the construction area is 7335 sq. mtrs. It has dedicated and segregated areas meeting current CGMP requirements for manufacturi ng of oral dosage forms – Tablets, Capsules & Liquid orals.Adequate areas for storage of Raw materials, Packing materials & finished products has been provided. The manufacturing capacity per annum in single shift is 5100 lac Tablets & capsules and 46 lac litres of liquid orals. The facility is WHO GMP and Schedule M GMP certified by the Indian FDA. The facility is also approved by National Drug Authority of Uganda, MOH Sudan, Tanzania, Malawi and Yemen. The Facility is MHRA-UK approved and scheduled for other highly regulated agencies MCC-SA and WHO-Geneva. Jammu Plant:- The plant is located at Lane-3, Phase I, SIDCO complex, Bari Brahman, Jammu.This facility is about 20 Kms away from the Jammu Airport. The plot size is 53115 sq. meter and total construction area is 15981 sq. meter. It has dedicated and segregated areas meeting current CGMP requirements for manufacturing of oral dosage forms – Tablets, Capsules & Liquid orals. Adequate areas for storage of Raw materia ls, Packing materials & finished products has been provided. The manufacturing capacity per annum in single shift is 8040 lac Tablets and capsules and 31. 80 lac liters of liquid orals. COMPANY PRODUCTS SUPRAKARESuprakare is the 2nd biggest division of Medley catering mainly to Orthopaedic & Gastroenterology segments. It is also the fastest growing division of Medley & has one of the most innovative and first time launches in the Indian Pharmaceutical Market like DOMPAN (Domperidone plus pantoprazole), Ostium K2 (1st brand of Vitamin K27 combination in India), Tazocef (Tazobactam plus Ceftriaxone), Acenac-N (Aceclofenac plus Pregabalin) to name a few. Today, all of them feature amongst the top 5 brands in their respective segments. Product table: Analgesic & |Analgesic & |Muscle Relaxant |Anti-Osteoporotic |Antibiotics |Digestive enzymes | |Anti-inflammatory |Antipyretic | | | | | |Acenac-P |Nimsaid-P |Colchico 4/8 Mg |Ostium K2 |Cefo L 50/100/200 |Xymex Syrup | |Acenac-SR |Nimsaid- P125/250 |Acenac-MR/Mr8 |Ostium K2 Forte |Cefo L Rediuse |Xymex MPS Tablets | | |Suspension | | | | | |Acenac-N | | | |Cefo LX 100 |Xymex Drops | |Eezflam | | | |Cefo LX 200 | | |Eezflam forte | | | |Tazocef 1. 125 | | NUTRAKARENUTRAKARE, A division of Medley Pharmaceutical is thriving since a decade and is by far the largest division of the company. Division is achieving newer heights through unique formulations & innovative ideas. Nutracare is the pioneer in Gynecology and Anti infective Segments and is known for the brands R. B Tone and O2 (First time launched in India) This features among the Top 300 Brands of Pharmaceutical Industry according to IMS ORG. †¢ O2 Tab is ranked 1st in its category in the Ofloxacin and Ornidazole Market †¢ O2 Suspension is ranked 2nd in its category in the Ofloxacin and Ornidazole Market †¢ R. B Tone is ranked 3rd in the Liquid Iron Market. Product table: Haematinics |Antibiotic Anti |Anti-ulcerants |Hepatoprotective |Antibiotics |Ant i-Cold | | |diarrhoeal | | | | | |R. B. Tone Syrup |O2 Tablets |Domrab |Trisoliv Syrup |Kefodime 50/100 DT |Oncet-CF Tablets | |R. B. Tone Capsules |O2H Tablets | | |Kefodime 200 |Oncet-CF Syrup | |R. B. Tone Forte |O2 Suspension | | |Kefodime Dry Syrup | | |R. B.Tone Drops |O2 Infusion | | |Ofoxin 200/400 | | |R. B. Tone Injection | | | |Ofoxin Suspension | | VAZOKARE Vazokare Division is catering into Life Style Segments – Cardiology and Dialectology. The division manufactures and markets the quality brands with the ultimate goal of delivering maximum possible benefits to all its customers. It also strives at its best in offering the premium quality medicines at the most economical price, thus serving the society. Vazokare proves its belief in innovation by launching the India’s first and only Glyceryl Trinitrate Spray in pen form.Our mission is to give access to the best healthcare products at the most affordable price. Product table: |Anti hypertensive |Anti-Angina l |Lipid Lowering |Anti-Diabetic |Drugs for neuropathy |Multivitamin | | | |Agent | | | | |Betabest XL 25/50 |GTN Pen |Atorin 5/10/20/40 |Gepride M1 |Mecobion P 75/150 |Mecobion OD | |Betabest AM 25 |GTN Spray |Atorin EZ |Gepride M1 |Mecobion OD | | |Encardil 2. /5/10 | |Atorin-F |Glucozid | | | |Telmed AM | | |Glucozid-M | | | |Nevol 2. 5/5 | | |Trizem 1/2 | | | NANOKARE It is the newest addition in the array of SBUs of Medley Pharmaceuticals. The Division is exploring the untapped potential to create newer horizons for the company. Medley's entry into the rural market is driven by the fact that we have a vast range of products which address disease conditions and health problems widely prevalent in rural areas.The division covers a realm of products in various therapeutic segments like anti-infective, Hematinics, anti diarrhoeal, anti ulcerants, calcium supplementation, anti cold. The Division currently is operating in Maharashtra & Madhya Pradesh, but soon has vision of spreading its tentacles pan India. Product table: |Haematinics |Analgesic and |Antibiotic |Anti-Ulecerants |Antibiotics |Multivitamin | | |Antipyretic |Antidiarrhoeal | | | | |R. B. Tone Syrup |Nimsaid-P |O2 Tablets |Dompan |Azirite 250/500 |Vistamina Tablets | |R. B.Tone Capsules |Nimsaid-P125/250 |O2H Tablets |Dompan OD |Azirite Suspension | | | |Suspension | | | | | | | |O2 Suspension | |Ofoxin 200/400 | | | | |O2 Infusion | |Cefo Suspension | | | | | | |Cefo LX 200 | | ZENKARE Within a short span of time division has made a good presence in Generic market. In Zenkare, at present, range of 300 products is available in various therapeutic segments. Introduction of new products will be done timely as per the market demand. COMPETITORS Mankind Pharma Mankind Pharma, the 8th  largest Pharmaceutical Company of India, was incepted in 1995 with a meager capital of? ?50 lakhs and 20 employees.Today, we are amongst the top 5 fastest growing Pharmaceutical companies of India with an employee base of more than 9000 and heading towards a turnover of   [pic]  2500 crores. We aspire to aid the community in leading a healthy life through two parallel objectives: formulating, developing & commercializing medicines and delivering affordable & accessible medication that satisfies urgent medical needs. Mankind is a fully integrated pharmaceutical company, with a comprehensive network of 62 C agents & 6000 Stockiest. With a pan India presence, our offerings span in Antibiotics, Antifungals, Gastrointestinals, NSAIDs, Anthelmintics, Cardiovascular, Dermal and Erectile Dysfunction categories.Our strong portfolio of businesses, geographies and products ranging from Pharma to popular OTC & FMCG brands – Unwanted72, PregaNews, Kustody, Adiction, Gas-O-Fast, Manforce Condoms and Kaloree1 provide us the strategic benefits of integration that allow us to perform best in an increasingly competitive market. With the thrust of making headway, in 2007 Mankind acquired Magnet Labs Pvt. Ltd. and marked its marketing presence in antipsychotic segment. In January 2010, Mankind acquired  Longifene, the former brand of UCB Belgium. We are further expanding the horizon of Serving Life  in Vietnam Philippines,  Myanmar and other regulated and semi-regulated markets by 2015.Today, after those tentative first steps, Mankind’s voyage is not only going strong but radiating new standards and that miniscule initial investment has grown by giant strides to crores of rupees in wealth for Mankind’s stakeholders. Having succeeded in garnering the trust of all, Mankind will continue to dream big on its path of novelty and eminence and millions of consumers will relish the results with contentment thereafter. Our Mission â€Å"To support a healthy & active lifestyle through our broad portfolio of Pharma, OTC & FMCG products† Our Vision â€Å"To be the No. 1 Pharma Company of India by 2015† 1. Mankind Pharma 2. Discovery Mankind 3. Life star Pharma 4. Special Mankind 5. Future Mankind 6.Magnet Labs Ranbaxy Pharma Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited (Ranbaxy), India's largest pharmaceutical company, is an integrated, research based, international pharmaceutical company, producing a wide range of quality, affordable generic medicines, trusted by healthcare professionals and patients across geographies. Ranbaxy today has a presence in 23 of the top 25 pharmaceutical markets of the world. The company has a global footprint in 43 countries, world-class manufacturing facilities in 8 countries and serves customers in 125. In June 2008, Ranbaxy entered into an alliance with one of the largest Japanese innovator companies, Daiichi Sankyo Company Ltd. to create an innovator and generic pharmaceutical powerhouse. The combined entity now ranks among the top 20 pharmaceutical companies, globally. The transformational deal will place Ranbaxy in a higher growth trajectory and it will emerge stronger in terms of its global reach and in its capabilit ies in drug development and manufacturing. Ranbaxy was incorporated in 1961 and went public in 1973. | | | Mission: Ranbaxy's mission is ‘enriching lives globally, with quality and affordable pharmaceuticals’. Financials: For the year 2011, the company recorded Global Sales of US $ 2. 1 Bn. The Company have a balanced mix of revenues from emerging and developed markets hat contribute 47% and 46% respectively. In 2011, North America, the company's largest market contributed sales of US $ 791 Mn, Europe contributing US $ 297 Mn and Asia clocking sales. Strategy: Ranbaxy is focused on increasing the momentum in the generics business in its key markets through organic and inorganic growth routes. Growth is well spread across geographies with focus on developed and emerging markets. It is the company's constant Endeavour to provide a wide basket of generic and innovator products, leveraging the unique Hybrid Business Model with Daiichi Sankyo. In Japan, Daiichi Sankyo Espha Co. , Ltd. (DS Espha) will market generic drugs.As part of the Hybrid Business Model, Daiichi Sankyo will utilize Ranbaxy's strong manufacturing capabilities and expertise in developing generic medicines for the Japan and market them. The company will also increasingly focus in high growth potential segments like Vaccines and Biosimilars. These new areas will add significant depth to the existing product pipeline. R: Ranbaxy views its R capabilities as a vital component of its business strategy that will provide a sustainable, long-term competitive advantage. The company has a pool of over 1000 R scientists engaged in path-breaking research. Ranbaxy is among the few Indian pharmaceutical companies in India to have started its research program in the late 70's, in support of its global ambitions. A first-of-its-kind world class R&D centre was commissioned in 1994.Today, the company has multi-disciplinary R&D centers at Gurgaon, in India, with dedicated facilities for generics researc h and innovative research. The R&D environment reflects its commitment to be a leader in the generics space offering value added formulations and development of NDA/ANDAs, based on its Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS) research capability. Ranbaxy's first significant international success using the NDDS technology platform came in September 1999, when the company out-licensed its first once-a-day formulation. Ranbaxy has developed the anti-malarial new drug, arterolane maleate + piperaquine phosphate that has been approved by the Indian Drug Regulator, Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) for manufacturing and marketing in India.In April 2012, the company launched India's first new drug, Synriam TM, for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, in adults. Within Ranbaxy, there is a sharper focus on R&D of Generics, as the company is increasingly working on more complex and specialist areas. People: The Company’s business philosophy based on delivering v alue to its stakeholders constantly inspires its people to innovate, achieve excellence and set new global benchmarks. Driven by the passion of it's over 14,000 strong multicultural work force comprising of more than 50 nationalities, Ranbaxy continues to aggressively pursue its mission of ‘Enriching lives globally, with quality and affordable pharmaceuticals'. Piramal PharmaPiramal Enterprises is the flagship company of the Piramal Group and is a world leader in its various business verticals. It has a global footprint of over 100 countries, manufacturing bases in USA, Great Britain, Sri Lanka, China and Canada and a diversified workforce representing the Piramal Group’s diversified global portfolio. Recently, the UN Conference on Trade and Development’s World Investment Report 2011 ranked Piramal Enterprises CMO (contract manufacturing) business vertical as number five in the top 10 pharmaceutical contract manufacturers worldwide; and was awarded the number one position amongst all Indian CMOs. Drug discovery and research is an important part of the business.Piramal Enterprises aspires to be the first Indian company to discover, develop and launch its own NCE drug in the global market and has made steady progress towards that goal. The company has more than 115 issued patents and 395 pending patent applications in several countries. The patents and pending applications cover a wide variety of areas across multiple discovery and development programs including compositions of matter (NCEs and natural products), methods of treatment, biomarkers, diagnostics, pharmaceutical compositions, drug delivery systems, etc. Healthcare Information Management: In May 2012, Piramal Enterprises Ltd acquired Decision Resources Group (DRG), a US based company, which is an independent provider of decision support tools, analytics and research for the global healthcare industry.Considered to offer the â€Å"Gold Standard† in analysis according to many of its clients, DRG provides web-enabled insights and predictive analytics via a variety of high value reports, databases, tools and advisory services to the global bio-pharmaceutical, managed care and med-tech industries. DRG is focused on three main market segments: (1) The Bio Pharma business unit provides reports, databases and advisory services on drug utilization trends and forecasting in a variety of therapeutic areas; (2) The Market Access business provides database and analytical services that healthcare companies use to assess the current and future opportunity of their products’ acceptance into a market. (3) The Medical Technology business provides actionable insights and data on the medical device markets.Headquartered outside of Boston, DRG has a global presence with offices in Belgium, Canada, England and Japan. Indiareit is the real estate equity funding arm. It the largest Reit fund by AUM (assets under management) in India i. e. Rs 3800 crore by June, 2011. I t has domestic and offshore funds, and has recently raised funds from UK, Singapore and Dubai. PHL Finance Pvt Ltd. is the non-banking financial company (NBFC) that has recently formed to look into funding of real estate and infrastructure projects. Cipla Pharma Cipla was established in 1935 with the vision of making India self-reliant and self-sufficient in healthcare. Today, we are one of the world’s largest generic pharmaceutical companies with a presence in over 170 countries.We are renowned for making affordable, world-class medicines that meet the needs of patients across therapies. We also offer services like consulting, commissioning, plant engineering, technical know-how transfer and support. Since inception in 1935, caring has been at the core of everything we do at Cipla. For patients, caring is a promise that we will do whatever it takes to ensure they have continued access to the highest quality medicines at affordable prices; whether a disease affects millions o r just a few hundreds. To the medical fraternity, caring means the assurance of world-class medicines and support across multiple therapeutic areas.For business partners, caring brings the confidence of always getting world-class quality and competitive prices. For employees, caring manifests itself in a safe, equal-opportunities' workplace that fosters innovation for a healthier world. History: Cipla’s journey began in 1935 when our founder, Dr. K. A. Hamied, set up an enterprise with the vision to make India self-sufficient in healthcare. Over the past 77 years, we have emerged as one of the world’s most respected pharmaceutical names, not just in India but worldwide. We have 34 state-of-the-art manufacturing facilities that make Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) and formulations, which have been approved by major international Regulatory Agencies.We have over 2000 products in 65 therapeutic categories; with over 40 dosage forms, covering a wide spectrum of di seases ranging from communicable, non-communicable, common and emerging diseases to even rare diseases. Our Research and Development (R&D) centre is focused on developing innovative products and drug delivery systems, giving the country and the world many ‘Firsts'. Today, we are one of the world’s largest generic pharmaceutical companies with a strong presence in over 170 countries. We maintain world-class quality across all our products and services. Whether it’s for millions or for just a few hundreds, our journey to care for all humanity continues. Milestones: 1. In 1935, our founder, Dr. K. A. Hamied set up Cipla to make India self-reliant in healthcare. 2.In 1939, Mahatma Gandhi visited Cipla and inspired our founder to make essential medicines for the country, and strive for self-sufficiency. During World War II, when India was dependent on imported medicines and there was an alarming shortage of life-saving drugs, we manufactured them for the country. 3. I n the 1960s, we pioneered API manufacturing in the country and helped lay the foundation for the bulk drug industry in India. 4. In 1970, we spearheaded the New Patent Law by which an Indian pharmaceutical company was allowed to manufacture a patented product as long as the process to manufacture it was changed. This enabled Indian companies for the first time to manufacture any medicines and make them available and ffordable for all Indians. 5. In 1978, we pioneered inhalation therapy in India with the manufacture of Metered-Dose Inhaler (MDI), at a time when the country stopped receiving imported supplies. Today, we have the world’s largest range of inhaled medication and devices. 6. In 1994, we launched Deferiprone, the world’s first oral iron chelator which revolutionized the treatment for thalassemia. For the first time patients with thalassemia had an option that was affordable, painless and convenient. 7. In 1996, we gave the world the first transparent dry powd er inhaler which was so simple and easy to use, it changed the face of inhalation therapy in India. 8.In 2001, we pioneered the access to HIV treatment by making antiretrovirals (ARVs) available at less than a ‘Dollar a Day'. The cost of treatment dramatically fell from $12,000 per patient per year to $300 per patient per year. This caused a revolution where HIV treatment became a reality for the world and millions of lives could be saved. 9. During the 2005 Bird Flu epidemic, we produced an anti-flu drug within a period of 2-3 months, which would have normally taken at least 3 years to develop. 10. In 2012, we made a breakthrough in reducing the prices of cancer drugs, thus making world-class medicines affordable and accessible to cancer patients. THE SEVEN WORST MISTAKES IN PHARMA LAUNCH (AND SECRETS TO AVOID THEM)In today’s Pharma environment, the product launch period has become critical. To set up a pattern for long-term sales and profits, products must make a big splash upon their introduction. But making this happen is a process that can be filled with uncertainty, confusion and frustration. Mistakes can set back years of effort and millions of dollars in expenses. Understanding the biggest mistakes Pharma marketers can make during launch can help savvy leaders prevent catastrophes, and plot a clear path towards profit. What are the biggest mistakes Pharma marketers make during pre-launch planning, and how can they be avoided? 1. Focusing on Product, Forgetting Everything Else:Sure, a big part of launching a drug revolves around the drug itself – developing the chemical composition, submitting the drug for approval, ensuring formulary positioning, and more all focus on the physical product. But often lost in the mix is the customer and market. Long before a product is complete and ready for sale, you need a deep understanding of your customers and the market you are targeting. That means understanding, in-depth, some key points: ? Th e disease you are treating, including standards of care for that therapeutic area ? The people it affects. ? The needs of patients with the disease ? The needs of physicians treating these patients ? Key opinion leaders and professional associations in the therapeutic area ? Trends in patient access, managed care acceptance and reimbursement in the disease area Key regulatory milestones and requirements affecting the disease and the product To further know your market, you must also understand your product in terms of the competition that already exists, and that which is likely to develop before and after launch. Knowing how your product will stack up against other players in the marketplace points toward the true benefits of your drug for customers. Pre-launch planning should include some tough questions: ? How is your product better than the pharmaceuticals and intervention that already exist? ? How can an average customer, payer, physician or pharmacist differentiate between you r product and its competition? How will the product provide benefit that is different than other Pharma offerings? ? How will your competitors respond to your market entry? ? How will the competitive landscape change over time? Is this area going to explode with entries? Will generics infiltrate soon? 2. Working with the Wrong Team: A good product is important. But just as, if not more, important is the team guiding that product to market, and pushing it towards success. Instrumental in developing, marketing and selling the Pharma product is a team that boasts knowledge, experience and skills. Choosing this team is a delicate endeavor, and should combine leaders from all pay grades and units.While product managers, marketing directors and managers are often the go-to team members, chosen for their titles, successful product launches need a team with creativity, problem-solving ability and persistence, skills that can transcend titles. Businesses should therefore build launch teams b ased on experience and talent for the unique process of launch. 3. Working in Silos: For effective pre-launch planning, company departments must work together. Why is cross-functional work necessary for successful pre-launches? Consider product research and development, which can often take place in a vacuum. With a cross-functional team, R&D can learn the concerns and needs of marketers, incorporating new research points that can be instrumental in later positioning and sales.Of course, collaboration on this level can be a daunting prospect for Pharma companies, long organized by silos and strict division of tasks. Cross-functional collaboration is the pinnacle of marketing and pharmaceutical hopes, but what often happens in implementation is a crash and burn. Breaking the idea down into tactical steps, however, can ease the process from the very beginning: ? Establish and gather the pre-launch cross-functional team, including R&D, medical and regulatory affairs, and other division s of importance. For this team of leaders from these departments, the need to differentiate the ultimate product and create value must be explicitly stressed. ? Provide clear objectives for the team, as well as clearly assigned responsibilities.Everyone must understand his or her role in developing and capturing the product value. ? As key activities take place, particularly market research, review all findings with the team. ? Brainstorm and determine the needs of customers in the target area, including what is meaningful and valuable to physicians, patients and payers. ? Develop options for creating and demonstrating value to the customer base. Together, the team must brainstorm options, anticipating regulatory requirements, clinical development needs and marketing potential. Consider options also in terms of managed care organizations' perspectives, and how the company can alleviate any concerns. One collaborative partnership that is especially important to launch is that between marketing and sales. Most marketing communications people don't have a direct relationship with their sellers, and don’t understand the realities that the sellers face in everyday sales situations. Cooperative launch planning can ensure that the sales team has the pre-launch education to get new products off to a big bang, and all the materials and information they need to address target questions. 4. Rushing Launch: Everyone wants the competitive advantages of being first to the market, or first to address a unique need. But rushing product launch can come at the expense of long-term success.In attempts to speed along launch, many companies give short shrift to critical areas, and don’t try to accelerate more appropriate areas. The most-commonly skipped steps in a time crunch include primary research, business case development and cross-functional coordination, all of them crucial in best serving the market and customers. Companies can also neglect to devote enough t ime to marketing and sales tactics, brand positioning, pricing, operational support and other key decisions. Due diligence is essential in these areas, and can be tightly project-managed without losing time. An area that can be sped up rather easily, however, is one that many companies don’t think about.By investing more attention and energy into initial regulatory approval, and obtaining that approval as quickly, efficiently and comprehensively as possible, far greater value can be earned over a products life. Several regulatory means exist through which companies can look to accelerate market arrival. ? Priority Review: It offers an abbreviated priority review process for specific products that can demonstrate a key point: they serve a specific and notable unmet medical need. ? Orphan Drugs: This program offer market exclusivity for the drugs for rare diseases, but this period is offered only to the drug that receives market approval first.Applications for these orphan drug s are given greater levels of support and feedback from regulators, meaning approvals are accelerated. 5. Failure to Track, Assess and Learn: Launching a new product can be a very educational experience for all those involved. But without the means of measuring success, tracking activities, and learning from mistakes, all the lessons of launch can be forgotten, creating a missed opportunity to improve future launches. Companies should take advantage of credible metrics to measure success during the pre-launch period, and participate in a post-launch review. Companies can strengthen their processes, and set themselves up for future successes. 6. Using a One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Consistency is a critical business practice.But many companies can take this desire overboard, fitting every new product into the same mold, and eliminating the creativity and uniqueness of each product. One way to resist the cookie-cutter approach, and create a product that can be in it for long haul, is l ifecycle management. The key to better, customized product success far into the lifecycle is considering these types of strategies early, even in pre-launch. Product lifecycle management means more than plotting a counter-attack against generics. A true product lifecycle strategy is focused on maximizing the profitability of a product over its life. There are several ways to do this, and they figure prominently in the pre-launch period. Be Proactive. Start early, plan ahead, and prepare for any and all scenarios that will arise during a products life. ? Organize. Set up the cross-functional teams that will enable a comprehensive perspective and approach, whether or not these are official Lifecycle Management teams. Establish clear ownership and accountability for key actions, and defined lines of authority. More than anything, the team must include members that have the actual power and skills to drive action forward and make any necessary changes. ? Franchise Make plans for your sp ecific product, but also consider the possibilities for further expanding into the therapeutic area.A therapy franchise dominates this area through complementary products, and can be accomplished through solo efforts or licensing partnerships. ? Expand. Plan for current uses of the product, but also never stop thinking about the future uses and areas to expand into. ? Reformulate. Choose the best form of delivery that makes sense in today’s environment, but set the groundwork for new innovations. Scientists are advancing the art of formulation every day, so keep aware and keep focus on newer, patient-friendly methods of administration. Reformulation down the line is an important way of expanding a drugs usefulness and audience. ? Protect. Through the pre-launch period, the focus should be on speeding the product to approval to leverage the amount of patent exclusivity.During a products lifecycle, the team must study all regulatory trends and methods of maintaining patent prot ection. Prolonging the time before generic competition is an essential means of protecting the time and energy put into drug production. ? Switch. Think a successful OTC switch will be just the key for protection years down the line? Not without extensive planning that reaches back into the pre-launch period. Some experts contend the switch should be planned while the drug is still in clinical trials, and at a minimum of seven or eight years before action. ? Shut Down. Think you shouldn’t even consider the end of the line when you’re in pre-launch?Think again. Exit strategies should be planned and plotted. Far too often a product is allowed to limp along in its latter years, consuming valuable organizational and financial resources. Consider the long-term and the potential scenarios for actively managing the end-of-life phase, and pinpoint the cutoff point for when the product no longer delivers value. 7. Missing Out on the Secret Weapon of Analytics: No matter how muc h you plan ahead, new drug development is inherently risky in today’s environment. Increasingly, Pharma managers and marketers need a way to assess the potential of new products, and the likelihood of success upon launch.Analytics models can provide insight on what drives your target consumers, and help predict actual launch results. The Eularis Pre-Launch Analytics Systems, for example, have been implemented and worked successfully during both pre-launch and launch of numerous pharmaceutical brands. Due to effective pre-launch analytics and planning that created strong preparation for a successful launch, these products continue to be category leaders. For anyone involved in the pre-launch and lifecycle management of the product, analytics will provide significant assistance through the myriad problems and challenges that comes in this task. SWOT ANALYSIS OF MEDLEY PHARMA Strengths: 1.Strong growth in emerging market business in Suprakare division. 2. Introduction of Caramel & Zinc salt in Nutracare market that has very limited competition. 3. Co-operative and Experienced Sales team. 4. Price policy as compare to Competitors. 5. Brand value of Medley Pharma. Weakness 1. Limited presence in Indian market. 2. Weak in delivering new products in short time. 3. Lack of motivation factor among MR’s & distribution team. Opportunity 1. Capture the untapped Market 2. Can Increase their share in contract manufacturing. 3. Can improve the commission based dissatisfaction among sales team. 4. Can work on promoting brand in remote areas too. 5.Can also work on Generic market division too which is yet to launched. Threat 1. Stiff competition from many Indian and other global brands means limited market share growth. 2. Better range of new products by competitors’ at rapid speed. 3. High price & quality sensitivity of consumers. 4. Stringent patent regulations. CHAPTER: 2 RESEARCH METHODLOGY & OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the possible hurdles for launching a new Pharma products. 2. To study the different competitors of Medley Pharma. 3. To study the brand value of Medley Pharma in market. 4. To study the perception and satisfaction level among Doctor’s & Druggists towards Medley Pharma. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research is helpful for the Medley Pharma in understanding the buying preferences of the Distributors with regard to: a) Price b) Quality c) Sales Commission ? This research is helpful for the Medley Pharma in understanding the role of the Advertising in establishing the market of the product. ? This research also helpful for Medley Pharma to improve their Distribution model. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the researcher’s problem or it may be understood as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. It defines various steps that are adopted by a researcher in studying his research problem along with logic behind them. ? Steps t o be followed for Research process:- ? SAMPLING AND SAMPLE DESIGN:- SAMPLING:Sampling can be defined as the selection of some part of an aggregate or totality on the basis of which a judgment or inference about the aggregate or totality is made. In other words it is the process of obtaining information about an entire population by examining only a part of it. The process of sampling is used for various reasons- ? Sampling saves time and money. It is usually less expensive and produces results at faster speed. ? It provides more accurate information. ? It enables to estimate the sampling errors and thus assists in obtaining information concerning characteristics of population. ? It also enables greater speed of collection of data. The ultimate test of sample design is how well it represents the characteristics of the population it purports to represent.In measurement terms the sample must be valid which depends upon – ? Accuracy – It is the degree to which biasness is absent from the sample. ? Precision – It represents how well the sample represents the population in all respect. SAMPLE DESIGN: A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from the sampling frame. It refers to the technique or the procedure that is adopted in selecting the sampling units from which inferences about the population is drawn. Sampling design is determined before the collection of the data. Several decisions have to be taken in context to the decision about the appropriate sample selection so that accurate data is obtained and efficient results are drawn.Following questions have to be considered while sampling design:- ? What is the relevant population? ? What is the sampling frame? ? What is the type of sample? ? What sample size is needed? Sample Size: It indicates the number of individual who would be surveyed. Here the sample size is 102. Respondents: Doctors, Distributors, Retailers & Medical representatives of Medley Pharma. METHODOLOGY We we re supposed to operate from Medley Pharmaceuticals Ambala Division. We were made aware about all the products Medley was providing with a more stress on their core product Division i. e. Nutracare. Methodology – (OTJ-On the job) Methodology of the project starts with – In the first phase we are trained and they teach us different things about market. ? They provide the database of Distribution channel. ? Then after that we have to provide details of product & their USP’s. ? Then we have to visit the point to retrieve the information from the respondents. ? Maintaining records of feedback of respondent’s regular basis. Methodology – (OFTJ-Off the job) Exploratory research is a type of  research conducted because a problem has not been clearly defined. Exploratory research helps determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects. Given its fundamental nature, exploratory research often concludes that a perceived  problem does not actually exist.Exploratory research often relies on secondary research such as reviewing available literature and/or data, or qualitative approaches such as informal discussions with consumers, employees, management or competitors, and more formal approaches through in-depth interviews, focus groups,  projective methods, case studies or pilot studies. The results of exploratory research are not usually useful for decision making  by them, but they can provide significant insight into a given situation. Although the results of qualitative research can give some indication as to the â€Å"why†, â€Å"how† and â€Å"when† something occurs, it cannot tell us â€Å"how often† or â€Å"how many. † Exploratory research is not typically generalized to the population at large. Exploratory Research Research is exploratory when you use no earlier model as a basis of your study. The most usual reason for using this approach is that you ha ve no other choice.Normally you would like to take an earlier theory as a support, but there perhaps is none, or all available models come from wrong contexts. Exploratory research means that hardly anything is known about the matter at the outset of  the project. You then have to begin with a rather vague impression of what you should study, and it is also impossible to make a detailed work plan in advance. Analysis in exploratory research is essentially Abstraction and Generalization: Abstraction means that you translate the empirical observations, measurements etc. into concepts; generalization means arranging the material so that it disengages from single persons, occurrences etc. and focus on those structures (in variances) that are common to all or most of the cases.According to Alasuutari, in qualitative analysis of empirical findings, you can distinguish two phases but these two overlap: †¢ Simplification of observations †¢ Interpretation of results (or â€Å"so lving the enigma†) In the simplification phase, the material is inspected from the theoretical point of view of the study project, and only the points relevant from this angle are noted. Details differing from